Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

1 5 8 / C H A L L E N G E S T O L I F E A N D W E L L - B E I N GCities: Competing Needs in an Urban EnvironmentUrban Development and Water Management 174City-region issues 174Environmental impacts 174Water supplies, wastewater and drainage 174Uncontrolled expansion 174Water inputs and outputs 175Urban water and sanitation benefits and costs 175Water resource availability 175Contamination from wastewater discharges 176Cities and water-related natural disasters 176Cities’ ecological footprints 176A more effective approach to water management 177Box 7.4: New York City – maximizing public participation while protectingwater quality 178Good governance in urban areas 177Box 7.5: Community toilets in Pune and other Indian cities 179Box 7.6: Karachi, Pakistan – Orangi Pilot Project: when the communitytakes charge 180Box 7.7: Urban sanitation micro-enterprises: the UN-Habitat Vacutugdevelopment project 181Community-supported upgrading programmes 180Self-built low-income housing 181Demand-Side Water Management and the Urban Poor 181Table 7.4: Comparison of different approaches to demand-side watermanagement in the household sector 183Conclusions 183Progress since Rio at a glance 184References 185Some Useful Web Sites 187