Water for people.pdf - WHO Thailand Digital Repository

550 / A N N E X E SIndexnational reports 516eco-efficiency indicators 239eco-hydrology 92ecological footprint, of cities 176–7ecological footprint evaluationindicator 40, 42ecological status, of rivers, indicatorsfor 137ecology tax, in France 442economic constraint(s), to effectiverisk management 284economic development, and water 8economic evaluation, of water andsanitation measures 119economic good, water as 422, 476economic growth, effect on waterresources and quality 15economic losses, water-relateddisasters 272, 275–7economic value of water 332, 422economic water valuationfunctions 333–9in cost recovery 336–7, 339in financing 334–5in pricing 337–8in public–private partnerships335in regulating markets 338in resource management andallocation 333, 338economicsenvironmental economics 149and water valuation 328ecosystem conditionassessment of 138–45Japanese reservoirs 138UK rivers 136ecosystem healthand human health 137–8measuring 135–8ecosystem management 138progress for freshwaterecosystems 145–52ecosystem protectionchallenges 20, 127–55environmental economics for 149indicators for 47–8, 426, 445,480, 497international instruments for 148progress since Rio 153web sites on 155ecosystem quality 132biological assessment 136–8indicators for 36, 54, 135ecosystem(s)meaning of term 131measuring health of 135–8valuation of water services 330–1water for 295–7Ecuadorcities 163food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 70national reports 516population 70, 235progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140education 349–55in Africa 350, 350, 511in Asia 350, 512effect of fuel availability 250effect of water provision 350environmental 146on health and hygiene 112,350–1primary 250–1, 350–1enrolment rates 350, 511Millennium Development Goalon 9progress towards Goal529–34for sustainable development351–2for water use and management351–2Edwards hydroelectric dam (Maine,United States) 150Egyptaccess to electricity 253cities 162food supply indicators 196GDP per capita 359ICT expenditure 365industrial water efficiency 235lakes and reservoirs 83land area 74national reports 516population 74, 235progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 531scientists and engineers in R&D359water availability per person 74water quality indicator 140El Salvadorcities 164food supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 72national reports 516population 72, 235progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 72water quality indicator 140electricityaccess to 250, 252, 264, 509listed for various countries253benefits for health 251generation of 254–64from geothermal energy262–3, 263–4from hydropower 254–61from tidal energy 262, 264growth in consumption 250household use 252–3and poverty 250electrification, challenges and benefits252, 254elephantiasis 108see also lymphatic filariasisEllice Islands see TuvaluEmajöe Suursoo Nature Reserve(Estonia) 145, 410emergency food support 210empowermentfor poverty alleviation 506of womenand energy/fuel alternatives251in irrigation systems 216–17Millennium Development Goalon 9progress towards Goal529–34‘empty granary disease’ 114see also Guinea worm diseaseencephalitis see Japanese encephalitisEncyclopaedia of Life SupportSystems (EOLSS) 358endangered freshwater species 141,142endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs),pollution by 106, 134, 139, 486energy 20, 247–66different uses in rural areas 254,254indicators for 49, 426, 445, 497progress since Rio 265web sites on 266see also hydropowerEnergy Data Centre (World EnergyCouncil web site) 266energy generation, waterrequirements 13–14, 230, 238environmental economics, inecosystem protection 149environmental health services 123environmental impact assessment(EIA) 147and health impact assessment116in Japan 491–2environmental impacts, cities 174environmental indicators 42environmental management system(EMS) 239Environmental Performance Index (EPI)42Environmental Pressure Indices (EPI)42environmental sustainabilityMillennium Development Goal on9progress towards 526,529–34Environmental Sustainability Index(ESI) 42environmental sustainability indicators40environmental trends, regional data510environmental value of water 332Envisat 357Equatorial Guineafood supply indicators 196land area 70national reports 516population 70progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 70equitable apportionment principle (inlaw) 302equitable-distribution-of-benefitsconcept 318–19equity concept (in watermanagement) 326equity principle (in law) 302Eritreafood supply indicators 196land area 73national reports 516population 73progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 73Estoniafood supply indicators 196industrial water efficiency 235land area 71national reports 516oil shale industry 407, 408population 71, 235