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562 / A N N E X E SIndexland area 72national reports 517population 72, 236progress on Agenda 21 523risk-based water management 280water availability per person 72water prices 338water quality indicator 140networking, river basin organizations355New Caledonia, food supply indicators198New Delhi Statement (1990) 24New Partnership for Africa’sDevelopment (NEPAD) 21New York City (United States) 160population 162public water supply system 178New Zealand 92cities 165food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 522water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140newspapers, access to 362, 363Nicaraguaaccess to electricity 253cities 165food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140Nigeraccess to electricity 253food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 517population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 533water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140Niger River basin (West Africa) 90,303, 305Nigeriaaccess to electricity 253cities 162, 164food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 517population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 521progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 73water quality indicator 140water supply provision 171Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) 315, 316Nile perch 141Nile River basin (East Africa) 84, 90,303, 305, 320climatic moisture index 56drought stress threshold indicator56irrigation scheme(s) 219mining-related risks 243sharing of water resources 283,313, 315nitratespollution by 11, 86, 87, 134, 434WHO guideline concentration indrinking water 87non-governmental organizationsand educational projects 352sanitation projects 179, 179, 180water resource managementprojects 422non-irrigated agriculture 203–4non-native species, in Japan’sfreshwater ecosystems 138, 486,488North Africaaquifers 317, 453desalination plants 89food consumption 200illiteracy rates 351progress on Agenda 21 521transboundary aquifers 79, 317North Americaaccess to water supply andsanitation 513in urban areas 170, 513aquifers 79environmental trends 510higher education institutesoffering water-related subjects361hydrological monitoring stations91, 356hydropower 256, 513land area 91population 91progress on Agenda 21 520, 523rivers 85, 91, 144–5transboundary river basins 311urban households with pipedwater and sewers 173urban population 14, 170water availability per person 69water crisis 513water resources 91see also Alaska; Canada; UnitedStatesNorth China Plain aquifer systems 79groundwater extraction from 80North Sahara aquifer system 79Norwayfood supply indicators 198GDP per capita 359ICT expenditure 365industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 523scientists and engineers in R&D359species protection plans 149water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140Nubian Sandstone aquifer system(Africa) 79nuclear energy, as proportion ofglobal total 255OOb River basin (Europe) 85, 90, 309,320ocean energy 262advantages and disadvantages 264ocean thermal energy 262Oceaniaaccess to media 363access to sanitation and watersupply 513in urban areas 170, 173higher education institutesoffering water-related subjects361hydrological monitoring stations92, 356hydropower schemes 256Internet usage 364land area 92population 92primary education enrolment ratios350progress on Agenda 21 522progress on MillenniumDevelopment Goals 526, 527,528telephone usage 364transboundary river basins 311urban households with pipedwater and sewers 173urban population 14, 170water availability per person 69water crisis 513–14water resources 92see also Australia; New Zealandoceansas percentage of total world waterresources 67, 68projected rises in levels 76Oder/Odra River basin (Europe) 85,309off-farm employment, role ofirrigation 213–14off-farm manufacturing 250oil crops 201oil shale industry, in Estonia 407, 408oils, pollution by 134Okavango River basin (Africa) 305,320Okavango River Basin Commission(OKACOM) project 296–7Okavango wetlands (Namibia) 149Old Believers (Russian) 407Omanfood supply indicators 198land area 74national reports 517population 74progress on Agenda 21 525progress towards Goals 530water availability per person 74onchocersiasis 103deaths due to 104prevention measures 117Oneworld Water and Sanitation ThinkTank 355online education facilities 361open access property 375opportunity promotion, for povertyalleviation 506Orange River basin (southern Africa)90, 305, 320Orangi Pilot Project (Karachi, Pakistan)179, 180, 339, 378Oregon State Universitystudies on transboundary basins312, 313, 319–20see also TransboundaryFreshwater Dispute Databaseorganic pollutantsin developing countries 238, 244effects 86, 87sources 11, 87, 134, 229
I N D E X / 563Stockholm Convention on 122,229, 238Organization for the Development ofthe Senegal River (OMVS) 214,314, 449, 456–7legal framework 456–7management bodies 457see also Senegal River basinOrganization for Economic Cooperationand Development (OECD)cause–effect framework used by40countriesInternet usage 362privatization trends 335water pollution trends 134Development AssistanceCommittee, Poverty Guidelines7environmental indicators 42Orinoco River basin (South America)84, 85, 91, 311Orissa (India), cyclone 17, 85, 275,277Osaka (Japan) 160, 162Our Fragile World (Encyclopaedia ofLife Support Systems) 358Owen Falls reservoir (eastern Africa)83ownership of water 373–5oxygen concentrationminimum 54variation with time, example 54Ppaddy cultivation 395, 420, 424paired basin approach (forhydrological studies) 87–8, 89Pakistanaccess to electricity 253cities 162, 163, 164, 165water and sanitation provision171, 179community projects 179, 180,339ecosystem restoration programme151food supply indicators 198groundwater used for irrigation80health effects of irrigation water220industrial water efficiency 236irrigated area 80land area 73national reports 517population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 532water availability per person 73water prices 341water quality indicator 140water supply provision 171Palaunational reports 517progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 533Palestine, Gaza Stripfood supply indicators 196water availability per person 74Palestinian Authority, desalinationplants 89Panamafood supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 530water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140Panama City 165Pan-American Centre for SanitaryEngineering and EnvironmentalSciences (CEPIS), data on drinkingwater and sanitation in theAmericas (web site) 125Pan-American Health Organization(PAHO), data on drinking water andsanitation in the Americas (website) 125Pantanal (Brazil) 296paper/pulp industries, pollution by15, 229Papua New Guineafood supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 532threatened freshwater fish species141water availability per person 70water prices 341water quality indicator 140Paraguayaccess to electricity 253cities 164food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 531water availability per person 70water quality indicator 140Paraguay–Paraná Hidrovia river system(Latin America) 296Parana river (Argentina) 85Paranaiba river (Latin America) 91parasitic worm infections 103, 105paratyphoid fever 103Paris (France) 160, 162, 433payment for water services 439stormwater storage capacity 436Paris Declaration on Water andSustainable Development (1998)26participationin irrigation system management213, 423in risk mitigation strategies 286,491in water education 352in water governance 373, 374,378–9, 439, 492in water management 25, 217,352–3, 355, 378–9in water valuation 339Participatory Hygiene And SanitationTransformation (PHAST)methodology 112partnerships 7public–private 380–1, 423, 439pathogens, effects on water quality86, 87per capita food consumption 200,211, 510per capita income 340per capita water availability, listed forvarious countries 70–4permafrost, water resources in 68, 82Peruaccess to electricity 253cities 162, 468environmental quality report(s)146food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 70national reports 517population 70, 236progress on Agenda 21 524progress towards Goals 531Ramsar site(s) 147water availability per person 70water prices 474, 476, 480water quality indicator 140see alsoTiticaca–Desaguadero–Poopó–Coipasa Salt Lake (TDPS) systempesticidespollution by 11, 87, 134, 139,434restrictions on use 122Philippinesaccess to electricity 253cities 162, 165desalination plants 90food supply indicators 198gold mining 243hydropower 258industrial water efficiency 236irrigationcost recovery in 336costs of developments 216land area 72national reports 517population 72, 236progress on Agenda 21 522progress towards Goals 530Ramsar Convention adopted by148tourism 16water availability per person 72water prices 341water quality indicator 140Phnom Penh (Cambodia) 165, 341phosphates, pollution by 11, 134pilot case studies see case studiespine forests, effect on water yield 89piped household water supplyas accepted standard 168regional data 109, 173, 510, 513as target 106, 119pit latrines 113, 172prototype technology for emptying181plaice, fish population indicators 36planningin drought mitigation measures284in flood mitigation measures 282Polandcities 162, 163, 165environmental education activities146food supply indicators 198industrial water efficiency 236land area 73national reports 517population 73, 236progress on Agenda 21 523progress towards Goals 529
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A joint report by thetwenty three U
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F I G U R E S / V9.1: Competing wat
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16Table of contentsGeneral Context
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