Honouring the Truth Reconciling for the Future

 • 237141. There have been some recent cases in which courts have made decisions counter to the mandatoryminimum provisions. See, for example: R. v. Smickle, 2012, ONSC 602 (CanLII).142. Canada, Public Safety Canada, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, 5,http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ftl-lchl-spctrm/ftl-lchl-spctrm-eng.pdf.143. Tait, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.144. Tait, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, xviii.145. Ospina and Dennett, Systematic Review, iii.146. Canada, Correctional Service of Canada, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder(FASD), iv, http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cn21451-eng.pdf.147. R. v. Harris, 2002 BCCA 152 (CanLII), para. 18–20.148. Mitten, “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders,” http://www.justicereformcomm.sk.ca/volume2/12section9.pdf.149. For a study that involved interviews with inmates in a minimum security institution designedspecifically for Aboriginal inmates, see: Braun, Colonization, Destruction, and Renewal. Seealso: Waldram, The Way of the Pipe, 129–150; Crutcher and Trevethan, Examination of HealingLodges, 52.150. Nielson, “Canadian Aboriginal Healing Lodges.”151. British Columbia, Ministry of Justice, Corrections Branch, Aboriginal Programs and Relationships,Inclusivity, http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/corrections/docs/AboriginalStratPlan.pdf.152. TRC, AVS, Chris Gargan, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, 30 October 2012, Statement Number: 2011-0430.153. Corrections and Conditional Release Act, SC 1992, chapter 20, http://canlii.ca/t/52db0.154. Bonta et al., “Risk Prediction,” 127.155. Canada, Statistics Canada, Youth Correctional Services in Canada 2011–2012, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2014001/article/11917-eng.htm#a5; Canada, Department of Justice,Youth Justice Research, “A One-Day Snapshot,” 3. These figures do not include Saskatchewan,which has a high rate of Aboriginal youth incarceration156. Youth Criminal Justice Act, SC 2002, chapter 1, section 38(1).157. Canada, Statistics Canada, “Youth Court Statistics 2011/2012,” http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130613/dq130613d-eng.pdf); Canada, Statistics Canada, Youth CorrectionalStatistics in Canada, 2010/2011; Canadian Bar Association, Submission on Bill C-10, 8, http://www.cba.org/cba/submissions/PDF/11-45-eng.pdf. Not all provinces and territories haveseen a decrease in youth in correctional services. In fact, since 2005–06, rates have increasedin Manitoba, Yukon, and Alberta. Canada, Statistics Canada, Youth Correctional Statistics inCanada, 2010/2011, 5.158. Canada, Statistics Canada, Youth Correctional Statistics in Canada, 2010/2011, 7.159. British Columbia, Office of the Provincial Health Officer, “Health, Crime and Doing Time,”http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/pho/pdf/health-crime-2013.pdf.160. Canada, Indian Residential Schools Adjudication Secretariat, Adjudication Secretariat Statistics,from September 19, 2007, January 31, 2015, http://iap-pei.ca/information/stats-eng.php(accessed 20 February 2015).161. TRC, AVS, Ruby Firth, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Inuvik, Northwest Territories, 22 July 2011, Statement Number: 2011-0326.162. Canada, Statistics Canada, Violent Victimization of Aboriginal People, http://wgc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11415-eng.pdf.