24 • <strong>Truth</strong> & Reconciliation Commissionhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women-deserve-inquiry-rights-group-says-1.2897707;Ken S. Coates, “Aboriginal Women Deserve Much More thanan Inquiry,” National Post, 16 February 2015, http://news.nationalpost.com/2015/02/16/kens-coates-aboriginal-women-deserve-much-more-than-an-inquiry/.On economic development issues, see, <strong>for</strong> example: Jeff Lewis, “TransCanada CEO SaysCanada Needs to Resolve Conflicts over Pipelines,” Globe and Mail, 4 February 2015, http://www.<strong>the</strong>globeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/transcanada-ceo-says-canada-needs-to-resolve-conflicts-over-pipelines/article22798276/;Daniel Schwartz and MarkGollom, “NB Fracking Protests and <strong>the</strong> Fight <strong>for</strong> Aboriginal Rights,” CBC News Canada, 19October 2013, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-b-fracking-protests-and-<strong>the</strong>-fight-<strong>for</strong>aboriginal-rights-1.2126515;Michael MacDonald, “Shale Gas Conflict in New BrunswickUnderscores Historical Grievances, Rights of First Nations,” Toronto Star, 25 December 2013,http://www.<strong>the</strong>star.com/news/canada/2013/12/25/shale_gas_conflict_in_new_brunswick_underscores_historic_grievances_rights_of_first_nations.html.23. On <strong>the</strong> role of <strong>the</strong> courts in Aboriginal rights and reconciliation, see: Joseph Brean, “‘Reconciliation’with First Nations, Not <strong>the</strong> Charter of Rights & Freedoms, Will Define <strong>the</strong> SupremeCourt in Coming years, Chief Justice Says,” National Post, 13 March 2014, http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/03/13/reconciliation-with-first-nations-not-<strong>the</strong>-charter-of-rightsfreedoms-will-define-<strong>the</strong>-supreme-court-in-coming-years-chief-justice-says/.On Aboriginal rights cases, see, <strong>for</strong> example: “6 Landmark Rulings on Native Rights,” CBCNews, 8 January 2013, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/6-landmark-rulings-on-nativerights-1.1316961.On day schools litigation, see, <strong>for</strong> example: “Residential School Day ScholarsLaunch Class-action Lawsuit,” CBC News, 16 August 2012, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/residential-school-day-scholars-launch-class-action-lawsuit-1.1146607;Dene Moore, “Federal Appeal Court Gives Ok on Hearing First Nations’ Day-school Suit,”Canadian Press, 4 March 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/federal-appeal-court-givesok-on-hearing-first-nations-day-school-suit-1.1713809.On Sixties Scoop legislation, see, <strong>for</strong>example: “Sixties Scoop Case Moves Forward as Class-action Lawsuit,” CBC News, 3 December2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/sixties-scoop-case-moves-<strong>for</strong>ward-as-class-action-lawsuit-1.2859332;Diana Mehta, “‘Sixties Scoop’ Class-action Lawsuitto Proceed,” Canadian Press, 4 December 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/60s-scoopclass-action-lawsuit-to-proceed-1.2132317.24. Miller, Lethal Legacy, vi.25. TRC, AVS, Mary Deleary, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Winnipeg, Manitoba, 26 June 2014, Statement Number: SE049.26. TRC, AVS, Archie Little. Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 13 April 2012, Statement Number: SP135.27. McKay, “Expanding <strong>the</strong> Dialogue,”107. McKay was <strong>the</strong> first Aboriginal moderator of <strong>the</strong> UnitedChurch of Canada (1992 to 1994).28. TRC, AVS, Jessica Bolduc, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Edmonton, Alberta, 30 March 2014, Statement Number: ABNE401.29. Educating our Youth, video, <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 19 September2013, http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.php?p=3 (accessed 10 February 2014).30. TRC, AVS, Patsy George, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Vancouver, British Columbia, 21 September 2013, Statement Number: BCNE404.31. TRC, AVS, Dave Courchene, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Cana-
Introduction • 25da, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 25 June 2014, Statement Number: SE048.32. The mandate of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission is listed under Schedule N of <strong>the</strong>Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/settlement.html (accessed 5 March 2015). In accordance with <strong>the</strong> TRC’s mandate, <strong>the</strong>Commission was required to recognize “<strong>the</strong> significance of Aboriginal oral and legal traditionsin its activities,” Schedule N, 4(d); and “witness, support, promote and facilitate truthand reconciliation events at both <strong>the</strong> national and community levels,” Schedule N, 1(c). Theterm witness “refers to <strong>the</strong> Aboriginal principle of ‘witnessing,’” Indian Residential SchoolsSettlement Agreement, Schedule N, 1(c), n1.Aboriginal oral history, legal traditions, and <strong>the</strong> principle of witnessing have deep historicalroots and contemporary relevance <strong>for</strong> reconciliation. Indigenous law was used to resolvefamily and community conflict, to establish Treaties among various Indigenous nations, andto negotiate nation-to-nation treaties with <strong>the</strong> Crown. For a comprehensive history of Aboriginal–CrownTreaty making from contact to <strong>the</strong> present, see: Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant.The term witness is in reference to <strong>the</strong> Aboriginal principle of witnessing, which variesamong First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples. Generally speaking, witnesses are called to be<strong>the</strong> keepers of history when an event of historic significance occurs. Through witnessing, <strong>the</strong>event or work that is undertaken is validated and provided legitimacy. The work could nottake place without honoured and respected guests to witness it. Witnesses are asked to storeand care <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> history <strong>the</strong>y witness and to share it with <strong>the</strong>ir own people when <strong>the</strong>y returnhome. For Aboriginal peoples, <strong>the</strong> act of witnessing <strong>the</strong>se events comes with a great responsibilityto remember all <strong>the</strong> details and be able to recount <strong>the</strong>m accurately as <strong>the</strong> foundation o<strong>for</strong>al histories. See: Thomas, “<strong>Honouring</strong> <strong>the</strong> Oral Traditions,” 243–244.33. TRC, AVS, Jim Dumont, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Winnipeg, Manitoba, 26 June 2014, Statement Number: SE049.34. TRC, AVS, Wilfred Whitehawk, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission ofCanada, Key First Nation, Saskatchewan, 21 January 2012, Statement Number: SP039.35. TRC, AVS, Vitaline Elsie Jenner, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission ofCanada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 16 June 2010, Statement Number: 02-MB-16JU10-131.36. TRC, AVS, Daniel Elliot, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 13 April 2012, Statement Number: SP135.37. TRC, AVS, Clement Chartier, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 22 June 2013, Statement Number: SNE202.38. TRC, AVS, Steven Point, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Vancouver, British Columbia, 20 September 2013, Statement Number: BCNE304.39. TRC, AVS, Merle Nisley, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Thunder Bay, Ontario, 14 December 2011, Statement Number: 2011-4199.40. TRC, AVS, Tom Cavanaugh, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 14 April 2012, Statement Number: SP137.41. TRC, AVS, Ina Seitcher, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 14 April 2012, Statement Number: SP136.42. TRC, AVS, Evelyn Brockwood, Statement to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Truth</strong> and Reconciliation Commission ofCanada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 18 June 2010, Statement Number: SC110.43. Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, Schedule N, Principles, 1, http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/settlement.html (accessed 5 March 2015).44. Johnston, “Aboriginal Traditions,” 141–159.
- Page 1: Honouring the Truth,Reconciling for
- Page 4 and 5: This report is in the public domain
- Page 6 and 7: vi • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 8 and 9: 2 • Truth & Reconciliation Commis
- Page 10 and 11: 4 • Truth & Reconciliation Commis
- Page 12 and 13: 6 • Truth & Reconciliation Commis
- Page 14 and 15: 8 • Truth & Reconciliation Commis
- Page 16 and 17: 10 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 18 and 19: 12 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 20 and 21: 14 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 22 and 23: 16 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 24 and 25: 18 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 26 and 27: 20 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 28 and 29: 22 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 32 and 33: 26 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 34 and 35: 28 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 36 and 37: 30 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 38 and 39: 32 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 40 and 41: 34 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 42 and 43: 36 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 44 and 45: 38 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 46 and 47: 40 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 48 and 49: 42 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 50 and 51: 44 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 52 and 53: 46 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 54 and 55: 48 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 56 and 57: 50 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 58 and 59: 52 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 60 and 61: 54 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 62 and 63: 56 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 64 and 65: 58 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 66 and 67: 60 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 68 and 69: 62 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 70 and 71: 64 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 72 and 73: 66 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 74 and 75: 68 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 76 and 77: 70 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 78 and 79: 72 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 80 and 81:
74 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 82 and 83:
76 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 84 and 85:
78 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 86 and 87:
80 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 88 and 89:
82 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 90 and 91:
84 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 92 and 93:
86 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 94 and 95:
88 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 96 and 97:
90 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 98 and 99:
92 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 100 and 101:
94 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 102 and 103:
96 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 104 and 105:
98 • Truth & Reconciliation Commi
- Page 106 and 107:
100 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 108 and 109:
102 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 110 and 111:
104 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 112 and 113:
106 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 114 and 115:
108 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 116 and 117:
110 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 118 and 119:
112 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 120 and 121:
114 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 122 and 123:
116 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 124 and 125:
118 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 126 and 127:
120 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 128 and 129:
122 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 130 and 131:
124 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 132 and 133:
126 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 134 and 135:
128 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 136 and 137:
130 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 138 and 139:
132 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 140 and 141:
134 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 142 and 143:
136 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 144 and 145:
138 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 146 and 147:
140 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 148 and 149:
142 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 150 and 151:
144 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 152 and 153:
146 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 154 and 155:
148 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 156 and 157:
150 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 158 and 159:
152 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 160 and 161:
154 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 162 and 163:
156 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 164 and 165:
158 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 166 and 167:
160 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 168 and 169:
162 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 170 and 171:
164 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 172 and 173:
166 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 174 and 175:
168 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 176 and 177:
170 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 178 and 179:
172 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 180 and 181:
174 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 182 and 183:
176 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 184 and 185:
178 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 186 and 187:
180 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 188 and 189:
182 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 190 and 191:
184 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 192 and 193:
186 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 194 and 195:
188 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 196 and 197:
190 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 198 and 199:
192 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 200 and 201:
194 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 202 and 203:
196 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 204 and 205:
198 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 206 and 207:
200 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 208 and 209:
202 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 210 and 211:
204 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 212 and 213:
206 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 214 and 215:
208 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 216 and 217:
210 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 218 and 219:
212 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 220 and 221:
214 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 222 and 223:
216 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 224 and 225:
218 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 226 and 227:
220 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 228 and 229:
222 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 230 and 231:
224 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 232 and 233:
226 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 234 and 235:
228 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 236 and 237:
230 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 238 and 239:
232 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 240 and 241:
234 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 242 and 243:
236 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 244 and 245:
238 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 246 and 247:
240 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 248 and 249:
242 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 250 and 251:
244 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 252 and 253:
246 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 254 and 255:
248 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 256 and 257:
250 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 258 and 259:
252 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 260 and 261:
254 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 262 and 263:
256 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 264 and 265:
258 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 266 and 267:
260 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 268 and 269:
262 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 270 and 271:
264 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 272 and 273:
266 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 274 and 275:
268 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 276 and 277:
270 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 278 and 279:
272 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 280 and 281:
274 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 282 and 283:
276 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 284 and 285:
278 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 286 and 287:
280 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 288 and 289:
282 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 290 and 291:
284 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 292 and 293:
286 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 294 and 295:
288 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 296 and 297:
290 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 298 and 299:
292 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 300 and 301:
294 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 302 and 303:
296 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 304 and 305:
298 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 306 and 307:
300 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 308 and 309:
302 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 310 and 311:
304 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 312 and 313:
306 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 314 and 315:
308 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 316 and 317:
310 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 318 and 319:
312 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 320 and 321:
314 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 322 and 323:
316 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 324 and 325:
318 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 326 and 327:
320 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 328 and 329:
322 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 330 and 331:
324 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 332 and 333:
326 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 334 and 335:
328 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 336 and 337:
330 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 338 and 339:
332 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 340 and 341:
334 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 342 and 343:
336 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 344 and 345:
338 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 346 and 347:
340 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 348 and 349:
342 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 350 and 351:
344 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 352 and 353:
346 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 354 and 355:
348 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 356 and 357:
350 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 358 and 359:
352 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 360 and 361:
354 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 362 and 363:
356 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 364 and 365:
358 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 366 and 367:
360 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 368 and 369:
362 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 370 and 371:
364 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 372 and 373:
366 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 374 and 375:
368 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 376 and 377:
370 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 378 and 379:
372 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 380 and 381:
374 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 382 and 383:
376 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 384 and 385:
378 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 386 and 387:
380 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 388 and 389:
382 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 390 and 391:
384 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 392 and 393:
386 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 394 and 395:
388 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 396 and 397:
390 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 398 and 399:
392 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 400 and 401:
394 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 402 and 403:
396 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 404 and 405:
398 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 406 and 407:
400 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 408 and 409:
402 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 410 and 411:
404 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 412 and 413:
406 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 414 and 415:
408 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 416 and 417:
410 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm
- Page 418:
412 • Truth & Reconciliation Comm