Honouring the Truth Reconciling for the Future

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24 • Truth & Reconciliation Commissionhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/murdered-and-missing-aboriginal-women-deserve-inquiry-rights-group-says-1.2897707;Ken S. Coates, “Aboriginal Women Deserve Much More thanan Inquiry,” National Post, 16 February 2015, http://news.nationalpost.com/2015/02/16/kens-coates-aboriginal-women-deserve-much-more-than-an-inquiry/.On economic development issues, see, for example: Jeff Lewis, “TransCanada CEO SaysCanada Needs to Resolve Conflicts over Pipelines,” Globe and Mail, 4 February 2015, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/transcanada-ceo-says-canada-needs-to-resolve-conflicts-over-pipelines/article22798276/;Daniel Schwartz and MarkGollom, “NB Fracking Protests and the Fight for Aboriginal Rights,” CBC News Canada, 19October 2013, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/n-b-fracking-protests-and-the-fight-foraboriginal-rights-1.2126515;Michael MacDonald, “Shale Gas Conflict in New BrunswickUnderscores Historical Grievances, Rights of First Nations,” Toronto Star, 25 December 2013,http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/25/shale_gas_conflict_in_new_brunswick_underscores_historic_grievances_rights_of_first_nations.html.23. On the role of the courts in Aboriginal rights and reconciliation, see: Joseph Brean, “‘Reconciliation’with First Nations, Not the Charter of Rights & Freedoms, Will Define the SupremeCourt in Coming years, Chief Justice Says,” National Post, 13 March 2014, http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/03/13/reconciliation-with-first-nations-not-the-charter-of-rightsfreedoms-will-define-the-supreme-court-in-coming-years-chief-justice-says/.On Aboriginal rights cases, see, for example: “6 Landmark Rulings on Native Rights,” CBCNews, 8 January 2013, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/6-landmark-rulings-on-nativerights-1.1316961.On day schools litigation, see, for example: “Residential School Day ScholarsLaunch Class-action Lawsuit,” CBC News, 16 August 2012, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/residential-school-day-scholars-launch-class-action-lawsuit-1.1146607;Dene Moore, “Federal Appeal Court Gives Ok on Hearing First Nations’ Day-school Suit,”Canadian Press, 4 March 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/federal-appeal-court-givesok-on-hearing-first-nations-day-school-suit-1.1713809.On Sixties Scoop legislation, see, forexample: “Sixties Scoop Case Moves Forward as Class-action Lawsuit,” CBC News, 3 December2014, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/thunder-bay/sixties-scoop-case-moves-forward-as-class-action-lawsuit-1.2859332;Diana Mehta, “‘Sixties Scoop’ Class-action Lawsuitto Proceed,” Canadian Press, 4 December 2014, http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/60s-scoopclass-action-lawsuit-to-proceed-1.2132317.24. Miller, Lethal Legacy, vi.25. TRC, AVS, Mary Deleary, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Winnipeg, Manitoba, 26 June 2014, Statement Number: SE049.26. TRC, AVS, Archie Little. Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 13 April 2012, Statement Number: SP135.27. McKay, “Expanding the Dialogue,”107. McKay was the first Aboriginal moderator of the UnitedChurch of Canada (1992 to 1994).28. TRC, AVS, Jessica Bolduc, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Edmonton, Alberta, 30 March 2014, Statement Number: ABNE401.29. Educating our Youth, video, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 19 September2013, http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.php?p=3 (accessed 10 February 2014).30. TRC, AVS, Patsy George, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Vancouver, British Columbia, 21 September 2013, Statement Number: BCNE404.31. TRC, AVS, Dave Courchene, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Cana-
Introduction • 25da, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 25 June 2014, Statement Number: SE048.32. The mandate of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is listed under Schedule N of theIndian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/settlement.html (accessed 5 March 2015). In accordance with the TRC’s mandate, theCommission was required to recognize “the significance of Aboriginal oral and legal traditionsin its activities,” Schedule N, 4(d); and “witness, support, promote and facilitate truthand reconciliation events at both the national and community levels,” Schedule N, 1(c). Theterm witness “refers to the Aboriginal principle of ‘witnessing,’” Indian Residential SchoolsSettlement Agreement, Schedule N, 1(c), n1.Aboriginal oral history, legal traditions, and the principle of witnessing have deep historicalroots and contemporary relevance for reconciliation. Indigenous law was used to resolvefamily and community conflict, to establish Treaties among various Indigenous nations, andto negotiate nation-to-nation treaties with the Crown. For a comprehensive history of Aboriginal–CrownTreaty making from contact to the present, see: Miller, Compact, Contract, Covenant.The term witness is in reference to the Aboriginal principle of witnessing, which variesamong First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples. Generally speaking, witnesses are called to bethe keepers of history when an event of historic significance occurs. Through witnessing, theevent or work that is undertaken is validated and provided legitimacy. The work could nottake place without honoured and respected guests to witness it. Witnesses are asked to storeand care for the history they witness and to share it with their own people when they returnhome. For Aboriginal peoples, the act of witnessing these events comes with a great responsibilityto remember all the details and be able to recount them accurately as the foundation oforal histories. See: Thomas, “Honouring the Oral Traditions,” 243–244.33. TRC, AVS, Jim Dumont, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Winnipeg, Manitoba, 26 June 2014, Statement Number: SE049.34. TRC, AVS, Wilfred Whitehawk, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ofCanada, Key First Nation, Saskatchewan, 21 January 2012, Statement Number: SP039.35. TRC, AVS, Vitaline Elsie Jenner, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ofCanada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 16 June 2010, Statement Number: 02-MB-16JU10-131.36. TRC, AVS, Daniel Elliot, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 13 April 2012, Statement Number: SP135.37. TRC, AVS, Clement Chartier, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 22 June 2013, Statement Number: SNE202.38. TRC, AVS, Steven Point, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Vancouver, British Columbia, 20 September 2013, Statement Number: BCNE304.39. TRC, AVS, Merle Nisley, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Thunder Bay, Ontario, 14 December 2011, Statement Number: 2011-4199.40. TRC, AVS, Tom Cavanaugh, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 14 April 2012, Statement Number: SP137.41. TRC, AVS, Ina Seitcher, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Victoria, British Columbia, 14 April 2012, Statement Number: SP136.42. TRC, AVS, Evelyn Brockwood, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission ofCanada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 18 June 2010, Statement Number: SC110.43. Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, Schedule N, Principles, 1, http://www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca/settlement.html (accessed 5 March 2015).44. Johnston, “Aboriginal Traditions,” 141–159.
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Honouring the Truth Reconciling for the Future

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