Honouring the Truth Reconciling for the Future

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374 • Truth & Reconciliation CommissionEndnotes1. TRC, AVS, Ian Campbell, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Winnipeg, Manitoba, 25 June 2014, Statement Number: SE048.2. Canada, Debates of the Senate, 40th Parliament, 2nd session (11 June 2009), volume 146,issue 45.3. Miller, Lethal Legacy, 165.4. For various perspectives on the events at Oka, see, for example: Alfred, Heeding the Voices;Pertusati, In Defense of Mohawk Land; Miller, Lethal Legacy; Simpson and Ladner, This is anHonour Song.5. On the place of media in shaping popular opinion on the role of warriors in conflicts withthe state, see: Valaskakis, Indian Country. On warriors and warrior societies in contemporaryIndigenous communities, see: Alfred and Lowe, “Warrior Societies,”6. Letters from Prime Minister Brian Mulroney to Tony Penikett, Government Leader, Governmentof the Yukon Territory, 15 November 1990, and Dennis Patterson, Government Leader,Government of the Northwest Territories, 15 November 1990, PCO 2150-1, Ident. No. 34788,TRC Document Number TRC3379.7. Canada, Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, Report, 1:675–697.8. United Nations, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Article 43, http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf.9. Anaya, “Right of Indigenous Peoples,” 196.10. Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, “Canada’s Endorsement,”http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374807748/1309374897928 (accessed 15 March2015).11. Canada, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, “Canada’s Endorsement,”http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1309374807748/1309374897928 (accessed 15 March2015).12. United Nations General Assembly, “Outcome Document,” A/RES/69/2, 25 September 2014,http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/69/2.13. Canada, Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations, “Canada’s Statement on theWorld Conference,” http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/prmny-mponu/canada_un-canada_onu/statements-declarations/other-autres/2014-09-22_WCIPD-PADD.aspx?lang=eng.14. Amnesty International Canada et al., “Canada Uses World Conference,” http://www.fns.bc.ca/pdf/Joint_Public_Statement_re_Canada_attack_on_UNDRIP_Sept_24_2014.pdf.15. John, “Survival, Dignity, Well-Being,” 58. Grand Chief John, an executive member of the FirstNations Summit Task Group in British Columbia, participated in the development of theDeclaration. He is a former co-chair of the North American Indigenous Peoples Caucus andwill serve as a North American Representative to the United Nations Permanent Forum onIndigenous Issues until 2016. See: First Nations Summit, http://www.fns.bc.ca/about/e_john.htm.16. Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia, 2014 CanLII 44 (SCC), para. 73.17. Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia, 2014 CanLII 44 (SCC), para. 97.18. TRC, AVS, Sol Sanderson, Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada,Winnipeg, Manitoba, 17 June 2010, Statement Number: SC108.19. Reid, “Roman Catholic Foundations,” 5.
The challenge of reconciliation • 37520. The Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See explains its role and function at the UnitedNations as follows: “The Holy See … is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church.As such, the Holy See is an institution, which under international law and in practice, has alegal personality that allows it to enter into treaties as the juridical equal of a State.… The HolySee maintains full diplomatic relations with one hundred seventy-seven (177) countries outof the one hundred ninety-three (193) member countries of the UN.… The Holy See enjoysby its own choice the status of Permanent Observer at the United Nations, rather than of a fullMember. This is due primarily to the desire of the Holy See to obtain absolute neutrality inspecific political problems.” See: UN Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See, “A ShortHistory,” http://www.holyseemission.org/about/history-of-diplomacy-of-the-holy-see.aspx(accessed 19 February 2015).21. UN Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See, Statement to Economic and Social Council,Discussion on the reports, “Impact on Indigenous Peoples,” http://www.ailanyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Holy-See.pdf(accessed 20 January 2015).22. For example, in a study of how the doctrine was used to justify colonization, American legalscholar Robert A. Williams Jr. observed that the United States Supreme Court decision issuedby Chief Justice John Marshall in 1823 in the case of Johnson v. McIntosh 21 U.S. 543 (1823),“represents the most influential legal opinion on indigenous peoples’ human rights everissued by a court of law in the Western world. All the major English-language-speaking settlerstates adopted Marshall’s understanding of the Doctrine of Discovery and its principle thatthe first European discoverer of lands occupied by non-Christian tribal savages could claim asuperior right to those lands under the European Law of Nations. Canada, Australia, and NewZealand all followed Marshall’s opinion as a precedent for their domestic law on indigenouspeoples’ inferior rights to property and control over their ancestral lands.” See: Williams, SavageAnxieties, 224. See also: Williams, American Indian; Miller et al., Discovering IndigenousLands; Newcomb, Pagans in the Promised Land, 2008.23. United Nations Economic and Social Council, Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues,“Study on the Impacts of the Doctrine,” http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N14/241/84/PDF/N1424184.pdf?OpenElement.24. Anglican Church of Canada, General Synod 2010, Resolution A086 R1, http://archive.anglican.ca/gs2010/resolutions/a086/.25. Sison, “Primate’s Commission.” See also: Anglican Church of Canada, “Message to theChurch,” http://www.anglican.ca/primate/communications/commission-on-discovery-reconciliation-justice.See also: Anglican Church of Canada, “Learning to Call One AnotherFriends,” http://www.anglican.ca/primate/files/2014/06/PCDRJ_June2014_Update.pdf.26. World Council of Churches, What Is the World Council of Churches?, http://www.oikoumene.org/en/about-us (accessed 15 April 2015). Settlement Agreement signatories the AnglicanChurch of Canada, the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and the United Church of Canada aremembers of the WCC.27. World Council of Churches, Statement on the doctrine of discovery, http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/executive-committee/bossey-february-2012/statement-onthe-doctrine-of-discovery-and-its-enduring-impact-on-indigenous-peoples(accessed 20March 2015).28. Executive of the General Council of the United Church of Canada, Meeting Summary, March24–26, 2013, http://www.united-church.ca/files/general-council/gc40/gce_1203_highlights.pdf (accessed 20 March 2015).
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Honouring the Truth Reconciling for the Future

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