Educational Psychology—Limitations and Possibilities

Educational Psychology Timeline 43
1934 Psychology begins to be a requirement in undergraduate course work.
1935 B. F. Skinner, “Two Types of Conditioned Reflex and a Pseudo-Type”—
Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning distinguished.
1937 B. F. Skinner employs the word operant for the first time and applies respondent
to the Pavlovian type of reflex.
Anna Freud, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.
1938 B. F. Skinner, The Behavior of the Organisms.
1942 Carl Rogers introduces patient-centered therapy.
1946 Harold E. Jones becomes the first president of APA’s Division 15, Educational
Psychology.
1947 Jerome Bruner and Cecile Goodman, Value and Need as Organizing Factors in
Perception.
1948 B. F. Skinner, Walden Two.
The C. G. Jung Institute is established in Zurich.
1949 Jerome Bruner and Leo Postman, On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm.
1953 B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior.
1954 Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality—introduces a hierarchical theory
of human personality.
B. F. Skinner demonstrates at the University of Pittsburgh a machine designed
to teach arithmetic, using an instructional program.
Anne Anastasi’s textbook, Psychological Testing.
1955 Social psychologist Richard Crutchfield publishes “Conformity and Character.”
Lee J. Cronbach and Paul E. Meehl, “Construct Validity in Psychological Tests.”
1956 Jerome Bruner and collaborators, A Study of Thinking.
Benjamin Bloom, Cognitive Taxonomy of Objectives.
1957 B. F. Skinner and Charles B. Ferster, Schedules of Reinforcement.
B. F. Skinner, Verbal Behavior.
1958 Allen Newell, Marvin E. Shaw, and Herbert A. Simon, “Elements of a Theory
of Human Problem Solving”—the first exposition of the information-processing
approach in psychology.
1959 Wolfgang Köhler, Gestalt Psychology Today.
John W. Thibaut and Harold H. Kelley, The Social Psychology of Groups.
Noam Chomsky, Verbal Behavior—revision of B. F. Skinner’s edition.
1960 Robert Watson, “History of Psychology: A Neglected Area.”
First school of professional psychology established in Mexico.
1961 Carl Rogers, On Becoming a Person.
1962 Creation of bachelor courses and the profession of psychologist.
1963 J. B. Caroll publishes “A Model of School Learning” in Teachers College Record
and The Place of Educational Psychology in the Study of Education (“The
Discipline of Education” edited by J. Walton and J. L. Keuthe).
1964 Humanistic psychology emerges as the “third force” in psychology.
T. W. Wann edits Behaviorism and Phenomenology: Contrasting Bases for
Modern Psychology.