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300 SESSION V EMPOWERING THE URBAN POOR THROUGHT IT TRAINING: PROJECT FOR THE URBAN POOR IN MANILA Akira Sato INTRODUCTION I started my career in human resource (HR) and job training in 1997 working for one of the biggest HR service company in Japan. My assignment was to produce jobs on and vocational training schools for the information industry. The main clients were business companies recruiting for new employees and vocational training schools, including universities. Such information was under the regional economy; with the business department consisting of sub-divisions by area—such as 10-15 regions in Japan. I experienced that proper vocational trainings adjust the gap between demand and supply in the regional labor market; and that appropriate trainings have good effects on the regional economy. For example, in the late 1990s, IT engineers with programming skills as Java, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software and database were less supplied in the Japanese labor market. Java is one of the major programming languages suitable for the Internet-related application and system. ERP is cross-division financial management system to cover a whole company. ERP package software like R/3 (SAP), PeopleSoft (PeopleSoft) and BAAN (Baan) was started to open up Japanese enterprise market in the late 1990’s. Foreign database system software like Oracle (Oracle) also increased its share of the Japanese market. I mainly worked in Nagoya area at that time and had many clients—universities and private IT schools—which provided IT–related job training services. Traditionally, Nagoya area’s main industry is automobile; the TOYOTA central office is located there. Those automobile-related companies were exposed to global competition and started to introduce IT system into their manufacturing processes to reduce cost. However, there was not enough labor supply of IT engineers in Nagoya because IT training courses of Java and Oracle were uncommon and expensive around that time. Under such HR market condition, my clients and I experienced that big business made disequilibrium of regional labor market better. We opened new IT training courses and bred many unemployed people into new IT engineers. Those courses apparently changed the HR markets in Nagoya. I also experienced that some vocational training schools tend to provide courses without fully surveying the Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows labor demand. Unplanned courses not only waste time and budgets for school staff and students but also results to high unemployment rate of graduates. This regrettable tendency was especially true for training projects supported by NGOs and governments. For example, I joined one computer training project provided by a Japanese NGO for Afghan refugees in Iran in 2003. The project had started before I was asked to research the labor market in Afghanistan. After the research, it turned out that most part of Afghanistan was not electrified and that there was not enough labor demand for computer workers besides the capital city, Kabul. Many of the graduates were from other rural areas. Although it was apparent that IT revolution would come after the whole Afghanistan is electrified in the future, our graduates have to return to their home as soon as possible because of the change of immigration policies of the Iranian government. This is a typical case of mismanagement of job training projects. I believe that vocational trainings themselves are still effective against poverty though we need better-organized methods of vocational trainings management especially those projects supported by NGOs and governments because of their importance. Vocational training often takes a long time until it starts showing effects on the regional economy. Projects conducted by NGOs generally face the difficulty of financial sustainability. This tendency is especially typical of Japanese NGO activities; the biggest reason is the non-existence of tax payment system support. The Japanese do not have big motivations to make a taxdeductible contribution to NGOs. The Japanese NGO officers are also not apt to profit-making businesses; but have chronic difficulties in project financing. As a result, many good NGO projects fade out. I would like to demonstrate how to manage profitability in these NGO projects. It is a real challenge in Japan because common people and NGO officers do not understand that profitability are seriously needed in NGO in this country. Japanese private job training schools often tie up with HR companies and have business partnership programs with graduates. For example, schools generally introduce
manpower supply to companies or placement to their students. This kind of service is one of the strategic points to survive the market competition. These ideas are also applicable to NGO projects even when labor laws related to HR company services are varied in each country. It means that we are able to adopt a common HR and school business model into NGO activities. The goal of my project is not only to start my own vocational training but also to establish a new Japanese NGO management of vocational training programs as anti-poverty projects. My research in the Philippines was a trial research. The country raises an exemplary case on employment in the context of globalization. It is one of the biggest sources of emigration workers in the world; while it suffers from brain drain problems. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in this country is recently increasing again and also has both positive and negative effects on domestic employment situation. The tendencies are getting conspicuous through the Free Trade Agreement (FTA), especially between Japan and the Philippines. Section 1 of this report is the survey of labor demand for Philippine workers in view of globalization; where I explain why Information Technology (IT) skill training was my target area. Section 2 is the general condition of the Philippines IT industry while section 3 refers to IT skill trainings in the Philippines. Section 4 and 5 refer to my detailed plan of IT skill training for the poor - section 4 refers to the idea of sustainable management and section 5 covers the 2005 activity progress. Lastly, section 6 outlines the future plan. I have many projects that are closely related to each other - I participate in NGO, business, and governmental projects regarding IT training in Manila – but I mainly refer to NGO activity for this report. Each project is strongly supported by people whom I met during API Fellowship stay in Manila. The quest for ideal vocational trainings will continue after 2005. I am sure that the people I met during my API Fellowship term will be good partners from hereon. EMPLOYMENT AND GLOBALIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES According to an ILO study, 1 the average rate of total immigrant population in the world population is almost two percent in the last 20 years; while that of the Philippines is about 10%. 2 This is because of the difference of wages between the Philippines and other industrialized countries. For nurses, their average monthly income is about US$100-200 in their home country whereas it is about US$3,000 in Western THE EMPOWERING THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 301 countries. 3 The ILO study also points that immigration inflows to industrialized countries are usually from surrounding countries. However, Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) are scattered around the world such as the Middle East, East Asia, European Union, and the USA. In each country, the labor demand for OFWs varies and changes rapidly. For example, the U.S. immigration policy was opened to Filipino nurses for a few years but was suddenly changed in 2004. Many OFWs in the U.S. were arrested and repatriated because of visa expiration. The application process for OFWs working visa was also closed. This drastic change in the immigration policy for OFWs seemed to be a result of the Philippines diplomatic policy regarding Iraq. In 2004, the Philippines cancelled its commitment to Iraq’s security force after the abduction case of a Filipino worker. USA reacted with a scaled down labor demand for Filipino medical workers. As well, the USA Congress also made an accusation against Japan and the Philippines on human trafficking with regard Filipino entertainers. After this accusation, the Japanese immigration policy for Filipino entertainers became strict. Even with the trivial cases cited above, we roughly classify international labor demands for OFWs into groups as: Table 1: The Major Destinations of OFWs by Occupations. Occupation Country Domestic Worker Canada, Italy, Singapore, Taiwan, and Middle Eastern countries Nurse and Caregiver Taiwan, Canada, UK, and the USA Entertainer Japan and South Korea Construction Worker South Korea, Hong Kong, and Middle Eastern countries Fisherman Taiwan Engineer Middle Eastern countries Source: The Official Website of POEA. 4 When we analyze the relationship between globalization and domestic labor market in the Philippines, we should investigate the effect of FDI, too. Most FDI to the Philippines are in manufacturing and gas industries. Consequently, new employments brought by FDI are related mainly to factory workers and plant engineers. 5 This kind of labor demand of foreign companies for Filipino workers is vulnerable in the last 30 years. There are some reasons of this matter. First, the relative wage superiority of workers was lost due to the strong labor union movements that resulted to FDIs backing out in 1980s. Second, the unstable political situation Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
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Reflections on the
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CONTENTS About the Book v Acknowled
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ABOUT THE BOOK Reflections<
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THE CONTRIBUTORS (The information a
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University of the Philippines in th
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about social change. For example, S
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wars—the First World War and the
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It will not be easy but I believe t
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Before I conclude, allow me to offe
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highlighted in this Workshop’s fr
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INTRODUCTION Abdul Rahman Embong AG
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API Fellowships Program that the 4
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in Indonesia and their engagement w
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countries as a way of seeking empow
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HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONF
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problem developing with the relatio
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I have arrived at this point in my
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REFERENCES Bellwood, Peter S. 1985.
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PAST PERIPHERY: CURATION IN SOUTHEA
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co-location of art around the world
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arts and design and were not formal
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and cultural value can heighten the
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y boat from Bangkok. In this cultur
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in the gentrified district of Thong
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Supangkat, Jim. 1995. “Contempora
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in Bangkok and reassembled at the t
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In her article, “The Politics of
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legend is unlikely to achieve simil
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KHAW SIM BEE AND MODERN PHUKET In t
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French, British or Dutch, is less m
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More recently, a new interest in lo
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Books. pp. 89-126. Journal Articles
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of RCSD), Dr. Chainarong Sretthacha
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forestry departments and other tech
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Although most Southeast Asian gover
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of cultivated area, and population
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the drought. Since the early 1990s,
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In both Peninsular Malaysia and Sar
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Affairs under the Ministry of Home
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Community Forestry Program (CFP) wa
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in Thailand and the Philippines. Ma
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that joined the conflict; and (ii)
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level of 1%. In addition, since the
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participation in collective action,
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Thompson, M. and M. Warburton. 1985
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trol by Suharto. The approximately
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unit headed by General Prabowo, Suh
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Muhammadiyah bersama kekuatan socia
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who refuse to acknowledge the exist
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For the most part, respondents demo
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Islam Mengejar Ketertinggala. In jo
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ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDE
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spiritual adaptation—gradual, hig
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But underlying all his views—KH G
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women demand for divorce, they woul
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father tried to convince her to rev
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Happy Birthday, dear Muhammad! SEKA
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cultural particularity cannot provi
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strengthened by Malaysia’s ethnic
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destined to build a civilisation of
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of capitalism has led to an increas
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Because living away from home and i
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leads them to concede that they may
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In Malaysia, on the other hand, the
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hierarchy has not hesitated to util
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almost 40 years ago—September 30,
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CLEARING THE SPACE: ART AS TRANSPOR
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that we can see more clearly the ar
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women; violence against women is no
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ALTERNATIVE SPACES IN INDONESIA The
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structural foundations to play thei
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Asian animation companies bid fierc
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Filipino parents, newspaper columni
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digital content creation to find cl
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containing advice and insights on f
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devoted his time to produce the fir
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Figure 2: The Structure of the Japa
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 5: Cartoon’s
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mind. GDH shared its production pro
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interesting to note that the audien
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an impression of what their works w
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y passion which was in fashion at t
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movies and other special effects fi
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Otaku culture is just like any othe
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Akihabara Tokyo’s Electric Town,
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ands emerged slowly, and fans of th
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Apparently, these Otaku subgroups c
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and Practice (6:1), (27-37). Schodt
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH GLOB
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great divide between availability a
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Figure 3: Weight changes in Japanes
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collected using a questionnaire, in
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Table 10: Self Report on Health (N=
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Table 29: Body mass index (BMI) of
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH Tabl
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REFERENCES Aekplakorn W., Chaiyapon
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH TEAM
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noted for HBs antigen (HBsAg) among
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given to the clients confidentially
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GBV- 84 4 8 4 0. 4 9 7 8 9 9 8 7 2
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the detailed characterization on th
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type 2 infection in the Philippines
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DESPERATELY SEEKING MARKETS If mark
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integrated circuits, industrial rob
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that JP’s privatized banking divi
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limited scope for private healthcar
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instances where such individuals ha
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even as public finances improved fo
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The United States could easily desi
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take shape so that they are in line
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Bank itself may be subject to force
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH RESE
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The indexers extracted the importan
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wound healing from generation to ge
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Figure 3: The list of 21 researcher
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E. F. 1. Regulation of export; and
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com/cybernews/sehat/kapsul/kapsul-s
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government long maintained an inter
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oei. First, beginning with Cambodia
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key issue for Japan is that there i
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Japanese government revised its mar
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Unlike New Komeito which has been b
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(2) type of Article 9 revision; and
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These results depict the tenacity o
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has manifested unilateralist tenden
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Midford, Paul. 2003. “Japan’s R
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“Poll shows fears of war at highe
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THE STATE, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALIZ
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and Sri Lanka. Then, the Greater Me
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Table 2: Thailand Trade Value of Ag
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Thailand has been the most intensiv
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In according to the presence of goo
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Page 299 and 300: politicians made the first moves, a
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Page 308 and 309: 280 SESSION IV McCoy, Alfred W. (ed
Page 310 and 311: 282 SESSION IV Table 3: Profiles of
Page 312 and 313: Table 6: Summary of Case Studies. 2
Page 314 and 315: 286 SESSION IV GENE REVOLUTION AND
Page 316 and 317: 288 SESSION IV During the introduct
Page 318 and 319: 290 SESSION IV state arm to provide
Page 320 and 321: 292 SESSION IV The reason he chose
Page 322 and 323: 294 SESSION IV of RRCanola but he g
Page 324 and 325: 296 SESSION IV should understand th
Page 326 and 327: 298 SESSION IV (Kanniah, 2004). 29
Page 330 and 331: 302 SESSION V after the Marcos admi
Page 332 and 333: 304 SESSION V Table 2: List of Part
Page 334 and 335: 306 SESSION V a primitive community
Page 336 and 337: 308 SESSION V THE HOMELESS IN THE M
Page 338 and 339: 310 SESSION V Tokyo and Yokohama, b
Page 340 and 341: 312 SESSION V station, Nanba, Nippo
Page 342 and 343: 314 SESSION V Local administrations
Page 344 and 345: 316 SESSION V alternatives. That ma
Page 346 and 347: 318 SESSION V some conclusions coul
Page 348 and 349: 320 SESSION V the children), 15. Th
Page 350 and 351: 322 SESSION V unemployed daily work
Page 352 and 353: 324 SESSION V no common activities
Page 354 and 355: 326 SESSION V Yoseba and Disemploym
Page 356 and 357: 328 SESSION V receive the seikatsu
Page 358 and 359: 330 SESSION V is still a question w
Page 360 and 361: 332 SESSION V can exemplify the rea
Page 362 and 363: 334 SESSION V land and expropriatio
Page 364 and 365: 336 SESSION V JAPANESE AND MALAYSIA
Page 366 and 367: 338 SESSION V The new Child Welfare
Page 368 and 369: 340 SESSION V while at the same tim
Page 370 and 371: 342 SESSION V Chart 1: The Fluctuat
Page 372 and 373: 344 SESSION V Picture 1.b Source: r
Page 374 and 375: 346 SESSION V on education is more
Page 376 and 377: 348 SESSION V REINTEGRATION PROGRAM
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350 SESSION V most migrants, partic
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352 SESSION V Table 3: Changes in t
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354 SESSION V 39 years old. However
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356 SESSION V restaurant entreprene
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358 SESSION V 50 and 59 years old 2
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360 SESSION V order to go work abro
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362 SESSION VI TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL A
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364 SESSION VI the third round had
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366 SESSION VI The Role of the Oppo
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368 SESSION VI peasants in land occ
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370 SESSION VI exposed to open tour
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372 SESSION VI While in Indonesia,
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374 SESSION VI the balance of power
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376 SESSION VI Table 1: Major Human
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378 SESSION VI Table 2: Regional De
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380 SESSION VI Non-docketed complai
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382 SESSION VI Barangay Captain Sol
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384 SESSION VI countries that forei
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386 SESSION VI Rights Education in
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388 SESSION VI by a facilitator. Gr
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390 SESSION VI The true nature of t
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392 SESSION VI Japanese economy is
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394 SESSION VI Table 2: Chronology
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396 SESSION VI Sept. 2000: Filed la
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398 SESSION VI politicians’ quali
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400 SESSION VI Table 5: Organizatio
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402 SESSION VI Table 6: Organizatio
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404 SESSION VI The All Japan Citize
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406 SESSION VI Freedom of informati
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408 SESSION VI for only four second
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410 SESSION VI DEVELOPMENT AND PROB
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412 SESSION VI of the news. Althoug
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414 SESSION VI Efendi Gazali, a mas
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416 SESSION VI Some say that the Ka
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418 SESSION VI Table 3: Indonesian
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420 SESSION VI are helpful in devel
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422 APPENDIX I WORKSHOP SCHEDULE Fo
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424 ASST. PROF. DR. ROSALIE B. ARCA
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426 APPENDIX III ABSTRACTS OF PAPER
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428 of such a challenge, the histor
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430 emergence of creativity and inn
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432 the legal conditions. It also p
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434 followed by I Nyoman Nurjaya fr
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436 Politics and Development in the
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438 of general comments were highli
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