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372 SESSION VI While in Indonesia, peasant groups have scarcely been able to mobilize even for two days and a lot of political options and social divergences have not met each other. However, the Filipino politics of lip service in the form of advanced legal technicalities, as we may see in the “comprehensiveness” of the agrarian reform programs, may be turned upside down by the unsurprisingly very simple human condition that is the fulfilment of rights to live in an adequate fashion. Search for Justice This observation on structural injustice presumes the present Filipino and Indonesian societies inherit bondage of the past entanglement with lopsided social structures of land tenure systems, at the cost of the precarious condition of the majority of each country’s population in rural areas. I opt here for the opinion that one could only find strong arguments for fighting for justice only if s/he could see positive opportunities in the midst of difficult surroundings, like what we see in the experience of Nagasi peasant struggle. In the one side, stressing classic stance in social justice theory on “propertarianism”, the search for justice in both countries remains highly-demanding despite increasing pessimism for the globalized structure of imbalance of power and resources sharing over developing nations to the rest of changing world economy. What is unacceptable in the search for justice, however, is not inequality as such, but inequality combined with the extreme destitution and misery of those who are worst off. To date, recent studies indicate the Filipino poor have been further divided for deeper impoverishment. Worsened gradation of poverty shows they dramatically separate the marginally poor (mahirap) from the destitute (dukha). In Indonesia, while the governments are still struggling to cope with the prolonged economic crises, poor people in the countryside risk of being more abandoned, as could be seen in the current widespread phenomena of hunger (busung lapar) that the elite mostly deny. On the other side, efforts to resolve democratically such conundrum of inequality remain harder human undertaking, no less in the realm of agrarian reform, as landed elite and land controller entrenched with land rights retention in the Philippine case while the Indonesian governments, allied with neo-liberal economic proponents mostly among the elite business sectors, remain stubborn from substantial pro-poor reform. Recent world economic instability, as could be seen in the increasing dependency on world oil price and penetration of global profit-taking businesses into Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows the villages, has worsened the rural conditions. In fact any local transformations have to consider global changes. Elite in both countries, in this case, justified their stance on the ground of political “egalitarianism” to maintain public institutions for the sake of economic growth and social order. The convergence between both perspectives could be pursued, therefore, as it offers fertile for fresh search of better human condition, in what philosopher John Rawl maintains that, to put it in simple way, first, “everybody has the equal rights and freedom”, and second, in dealing with social, economic inequality, “a) it should be arranged that the biggest benefits be given to the poorest, and b) it should be maintained to the public a fairness in opening fair opportunities”. 22 In other words, what is relevant in this reflection, “inequality is anyway inevitable, however, we should not let anybody to exploit it at the cost of the whole population”. The problem is then how to implement such difficult principle. Surely it is the main task of the public actors as they are assigned to maintain “fair opportunities” in a law governing the societies such the constitution, basic political rights, control over executive power, and so forth. The state actors are entrusted by the peoples to do so. However, if this task is taken for granted by the traditional state actors, this principle will never be achieved, even otherwise. In the Philippines, the elites control the governments, avoiding the rural poor from intervening. In Indonesia, the governments remain stubborn from poor people’s outcries. Hence Rawl’s principle is actually not in the poor’s immediate reach. However, because the principle is characteristically imperative, it is basically then a condition to fulfil in advance that the poor need a bridging link between the government and the rural poor communities. The link lies perhaps in the adequate representation of the rural poor’s interests, socio-political goals to struggle that are definitely hard to meet as well. One should keep in mind that the opponents of the rural poor in the struggle to fight for justice are undeniably grotesque and unbeatable. In the Philippine case, the peasant struggles with the government’s agrarian reform programs have put forward stronger promises to improve poor rural communities though the manoeuvre of the elite against the peasants remains pitilessly craftier, while in Indonesia pro-peasant meaningful changes are still far away as the government tends to adopt pro-global market approach. In Indonesia, the peasants’ interests even still tend to be excluded from joining the civil society. However, albeit very rare and harder option to take as it costs lives, many peasants kept waging social
movements and they are even more vibrant in recent years in both countries. This development offers some break out of the gloomy trends in the fight for justice. In the midst of failures and successes there are lessons to learn from. As I have argued along this article on peasant social movements and their impact on how all parties respond and act one to the other for agrarian and rural reform in both countries, thus far, if a better step ahead is to be conducted, the alternative remedy lies in reading the line of opportunities, precisely because they are fewer, for social changes, either success or failure —both are important variation for development. In this study I have endeavoured to draw some findings hopefully useful for future improvement.** REFERENCES Borras, Saturnino J. 2004. Rethinking Redistributive Land Reform, Struggles for Land and Power in the Philippines. Doctorate Thesis in Development Studies, The Hague: The Institute of Social Studies. Fauzi, Noer. 2004. The New Sundanese Peasants’ Union: Peasant Movements, Changes in Land Control, and Agrarian Questions in West Java. In Jurnal Analisis Sosial 9 [1]: December (51-77). Feranil, Savador H. 2003. The Emerging Peasant Movement in Negros Occidental: Stretching the ‘Limits’ of Redistributive Agrarian Reform, Occasional Paper No. 26, December, Manila: Institute for Popular Democracy. Fox, Jonathan. 2004. Empowerment and Institutional Change: Mapping “Virtuous Circles” of State-Society Interaction. In Ruth Alsop (ed.). Power, Rights, and Poverty: Concepts and Connections - A working meeting sponsored by DFID and the World Bank, March 23- 24, 2004. pp. 93-110. Franco, Jennifer C. 2003. On Just Ground: The New Struggle for Land and Democracy in the Bondoc Peninsula. Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy, Occasional Paper No. 25, November. Golstone, Jack A. Social Movements and Revolutions: On the Evolution and Forms of Collective Action. Unpublished paper. Davis: University of California. Kerkvliet, Benedict. 1993. Claiming the Land: Take-overs by Villagers in the Philippines with Comparisons to Indonesia, Peru, Portugal, and Russia. In Journal of Peasant Studies, 20(3):459-493. Kymlicka, Will. 1990. Contemporary Political Philosophya: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. (Indonesian translation is published by Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004). SOCIAL JUSTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL SOCIETY 373 Ingram, Helen M. and Dean E. Mann. 1980. Introduction: Policy Failure: An Issue Deserving Analysis (11-32). In Helen M. Ingram and Dean E. Mann (eds.), Why Policies Succeed or Fail, Beverly Hills and London: Sage. Meyer,David S. 2001. Claiming Credit: The Social Construction of Movement Success. http://www.democ. uci.edu/publications/papersseriespre2001/meyer.htm, obtained 30 July 2005. Scott, James C. 1986. Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. In Journal of Peasant Studies, 13(2): 5-35. Securities and Exchanges Commission, 2004. Philippines5000, Top 5000 Corporations, 2004 Edition, Mandaluyong City: SEC. Rahayu, Sarno M. 2004. Pengaruh Reformasi Agraria bagi Gerakan Petani di Desa Cikaso dan Sekitarnya, Skripsi S-1 Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, FKIP, Universitas Galuh. Securities and Exchange Commission. 2004. Philippine5000, Top 5,000 Corporations, 2004 Edition, Corporate Governance Reforms and Performance. Mandaluyong City. Skocpol, Theda. 1984. Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Second Edition. NY: Cambridge University Press. Wurfel, David. 1983. The Development of Post-War Philippine Land Reform: Political and Sociological Explanations. In Antonio J. Ledesma, S.J. , Second View from the Paddy, More Empirical Studies on Philippine Rice Farming and Tenancy, Manila: Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University, pp. 1-14. ENDNOTES “Pro-poor reform initiatives are likely to have broader and deeper institutional effects if they are accompanied by strategic interactions between policymakers and civil society counterparts that help the latter to identify and overcome obstacles to change.” (Fox: 2004, 68) “The dynamics that drive the varying empowerment outcomes in the case of all four rural development programs can be described as a “sandwich strategy”. This involves three-way interaction between regional grassroots rural social actors, pro-reform policymakers with actual influence over implementing agencies, and anti-reform regional elites embedded in both the state and society. With pressure from both above and below, the sandwich strategy creates political space and shifts Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
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Reflections on the
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CONTENTS About the Book v Acknowled
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ABOUT THE BOOK Reflections<
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THE CONTRIBUTORS (The information a
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University of the Philippines in th
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about social change. For example, S
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wars—the First World War and the
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It will not be easy but I believe t
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Before I conclude, allow me to offe
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highlighted in this Workshop’s fr
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INTRODUCTION Abdul Rahman Embong AG
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API Fellowships Program that the 4
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in Indonesia and their engagement w
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countries as a way of seeking empow
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HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONF
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problem developing with the relatio
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I have arrived at this point in my
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REFERENCES Bellwood, Peter S. 1985.
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PAST PERIPHERY: CURATION IN SOUTHEA
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co-location of art around the world
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arts and design and were not formal
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and cultural value can heighten the
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y boat from Bangkok. In this cultur
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in the gentrified district of Thong
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Supangkat, Jim. 1995. “Contempora
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in Bangkok and reassembled at the t
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In her article, “The Politics of
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legend is unlikely to achieve simil
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KHAW SIM BEE AND MODERN PHUKET In t
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French, British or Dutch, is less m
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More recently, a new interest in lo
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Books. pp. 89-126. Journal Articles
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of RCSD), Dr. Chainarong Sretthacha
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forestry departments and other tech
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Although most Southeast Asian gover
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of cultivated area, and population
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the drought. Since the early 1990s,
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In both Peninsular Malaysia and Sar
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Affairs under the Ministry of Home
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Community Forestry Program (CFP) wa
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in Thailand and the Philippines. Ma
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that joined the conflict; and (ii)
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level of 1%. In addition, since the
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participation in collective action,
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Thompson, M. and M. Warburton. 1985
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trol by Suharto. The approximately
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unit headed by General Prabowo, Suh
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Muhammadiyah bersama kekuatan socia
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who refuse to acknowledge the exist
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For the most part, respondents demo
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Islam Mengejar Ketertinggala. In jo
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ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDE
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spiritual adaptation—gradual, hig
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But underlying all his views—KH G
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women demand for divorce, they woul
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father tried to convince her to rev
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Happy Birthday, dear Muhammad! SEKA
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cultural particularity cannot provi
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strengthened by Malaysia’s ethnic
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destined to build a civilisation of
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of capitalism has led to an increas
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Because living away from home and i
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leads them to concede that they may
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In Malaysia, on the other hand, the
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hierarchy has not hesitated to util
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almost 40 years ago—September 30,
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CLEARING THE SPACE: ART AS TRANSPOR
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that we can see more clearly the ar
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women; violence against women is no
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ALTERNATIVE SPACES IN INDONESIA The
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structural foundations to play thei
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Asian animation companies bid fierc
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Filipino parents, newspaper columni
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digital content creation to find cl
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containing advice and insights on f
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devoted his time to produce the fir
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Figure 2: The Structure of the Japa
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 5: Cartoon’s
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mind. GDH shared its production pro
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interesting to note that the audien
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an impression of what their works w
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y passion which was in fashion at t
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movies and other special effects fi
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Otaku culture is just like any othe
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Akihabara Tokyo’s Electric Town,
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ands emerged slowly, and fans of th
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Apparently, these Otaku subgroups c
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and Practice (6:1), (27-37). Schodt
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH GLOB
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great divide between availability a
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Figure 3: Weight changes in Japanes
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collected using a questionnaire, in
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Table 10: Self Report on Health (N=
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Table 29: Body mass index (BMI) of
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH Tabl
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REFERENCES Aekplakorn W., Chaiyapon
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH TEAM
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noted for HBs antigen (HBsAg) among
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given to the clients confidentially
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GBV- 84 4 8 4 0. 4 9 7 8 9 9 8 7 2
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the detailed characterization on th
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type 2 infection in the Philippines
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DESPERATELY SEEKING MARKETS If mark
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integrated circuits, industrial rob
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that JP’s privatized banking divi
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limited scope for private healthcar
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instances where such individuals ha
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even as public finances improved fo
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The United States could easily desi
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take shape so that they are in line
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Bank itself may be subject to force
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH RESE
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The indexers extracted the importan
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wound healing from generation to ge
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Figure 3: The list of 21 researcher
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E. F. 1. Regulation of export; and
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com/cybernews/sehat/kapsul/kapsul-s
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government long maintained an inter
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oei. First, beginning with Cambodia
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key issue for Japan is that there i
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Japanese government revised its mar
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Unlike New Komeito which has been b
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(2) type of Article 9 revision; and
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These results depict the tenacity o
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has manifested unilateralist tenden
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Midford, Paul. 2003. “Japan’s R
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“Poll shows fears of war at highe
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THE STATE, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALIZ
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and Sri Lanka. Then, the Greater Me
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Table 2: Thailand Trade Value of Ag
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Thailand has been the most intensiv
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In according to the presence of goo
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In case of the losers from FTAs, th
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13 At these years, the world econom
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Nipon Poapongsakorn, Martin Ruhs, S
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RESULTS The Indonesia Railway The w
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Noise Table 1: Results of noise mea
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Maintenance and improvement of reli
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signal to allow the train to procee
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The results of Yamanashi Maglev Tes
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1980. Recently, research focus on e
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comprehensive ones to short-term po
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FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The author s
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politicians made the first moves, a
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Compliance Certificate issued by th
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Tubay’s JCADI has its own busines
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the majority political positions in
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280 SESSION IV McCoy, Alfred W. (ed
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282 SESSION IV Table 3: Profiles of
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Table 6: Summary of Case Studies. 2
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286 SESSION IV GENE REVOLUTION AND
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288 SESSION IV During the introduct
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290 SESSION IV state arm to provide
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292 SESSION IV The reason he chose
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294 SESSION IV of RRCanola but he g
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296 SESSION IV should understand th
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298 SESSION IV (Kanniah, 2004). 29
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300 SESSION V EMPOWERING THE URBAN
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302 SESSION V after the Marcos admi
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304 SESSION V Table 2: List of Part
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306 SESSION V a primitive community
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308 SESSION V THE HOMELESS IN THE M
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310 SESSION V Tokyo and Yokohama, b
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312 SESSION V station, Nanba, Nippo
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314 SESSION V Local administrations
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316 SESSION V alternatives. That ma
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318 SESSION V some conclusions coul
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320 SESSION V the children), 15. Th
Page 350 and 351: 322 SESSION V unemployed daily work
Page 352 and 353: 324 SESSION V no common activities
Page 354 and 355: 326 SESSION V Yoseba and Disemploym
Page 356 and 357: 328 SESSION V receive the seikatsu
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Page 360 and 361: 332 SESSION V can exemplify the rea
Page 362 and 363: 334 SESSION V land and expropriatio
Page 364 and 365: 336 SESSION V JAPANESE AND MALAYSIA
Page 366 and 367: 338 SESSION V The new Child Welfare
Page 368 and 369: 340 SESSION V while at the same tim
Page 370 and 371: 342 SESSION V Chart 1: The Fluctuat
Page 372 and 373: 344 SESSION V Picture 1.b Source: r
Page 374 and 375: 346 SESSION V on education is more
Page 376 and 377: 348 SESSION V REINTEGRATION PROGRAM
Page 378 and 379: 350 SESSION V most migrants, partic
Page 380 and 381: 352 SESSION V Table 3: Changes in t
Page 382 and 383: 354 SESSION V 39 years old. However
Page 384 and 385: 356 SESSION V restaurant entreprene
Page 386 and 387: 358 SESSION V 50 and 59 years old 2
Page 388 and 389: 360 SESSION V order to go work abro
Page 390 and 391: 362 SESSION VI TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL A
Page 392 and 393: 364 SESSION VI the third round had
Page 394 and 395: 366 SESSION VI The Role of the Oppo
Page 396 and 397: 368 SESSION VI peasants in land occ
Page 398 and 399: 370 SESSION VI exposed to open tour
Page 402 and 403: 374 SESSION VI the balance of power
Page 404 and 405: 376 SESSION VI Table 1: Major Human
Page 406 and 407: 378 SESSION VI Table 2: Regional De
Page 408 and 409: 380 SESSION VI Non-docketed complai
Page 410 and 411: 382 SESSION VI Barangay Captain Sol
Page 412 and 413: 384 SESSION VI countries that forei
Page 414 and 415: 386 SESSION VI Rights Education in
Page 416 and 417: 388 SESSION VI by a facilitator. Gr
Page 418 and 419: 390 SESSION VI The true nature of t
Page 420 and 421: 392 SESSION VI Japanese economy is
Page 422 and 423: 394 SESSION VI Table 2: Chronology
Page 424 and 425: 396 SESSION VI Sept. 2000: Filed la
Page 426 and 427: 398 SESSION VI politicians’ quali
Page 428 and 429: 400 SESSION VI Table 5: Organizatio
Page 430 and 431: 402 SESSION VI Table 6: Organizatio
Page 432 and 433: 404 SESSION VI The All Japan Citize
Page 434 and 435: 406 SESSION VI Freedom of informati
Page 436 and 437: 408 SESSION VI for only four second
Page 438 and 439: 410 SESSION VI DEVELOPMENT AND PROB
Page 440 and 441: 412 SESSION VI of the news. Althoug
Page 442 and 443: 414 SESSION VI Efendi Gazali, a mas
Page 444 and 445: 416 SESSION VI Some say that the Ka
Page 446 and 447: 418 SESSION VI Table 3: Indonesian
Page 448 and 449: 420 SESSION VI are helpful in devel
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422 APPENDIX I WORKSHOP SCHEDULE Fo
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424 ASST. PROF. DR. ROSALIE B. ARCA
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426 APPENDIX III ABSTRACTS OF PAPER
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428 of such a challenge, the histor
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430 emergence of creativity and inn
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432 the legal conditions. It also p
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434 followed by I Nyoman Nurjaya fr
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436 Politics and Development in the
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438 of general comments were highli
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