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38 SESSION I Chin Teik to the Nganthawee Brothers Co., Ltd.. Paper presented at the Shared Histories Conference, Penang, 14 pages. Wong, Yee Tuan. 2004. Blood Ties, Marriages and Sworn Brotherhoods: Penang’s Big Five Families and Southern Siam during 19 th century. Paper presented at the Plural Peninsula Conference, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 21 pages. Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONFLICT POLICY AND LEGISLATION IN COMMUNITY FORESTRY: STUDY ON INDIGENOUS RIGHTS WITHIN COMMUNITY FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA I Nyoman Nurjaya INTRODUCTION Southeast Asia is one of the richest regions in the world in terms of its varied human ecosystems. The diversity of cultural groups combined with one of the world’s richest genetic pools and biodiversity resulted in a multiplicity of forest-use systems. The major mainland rivers and watersheds, as well as the entire archipelago of the region are carpeted with dense tropical rain forest. Most of Southeast Asia’s forestland was placed under state control and managed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, largely dictated by the European colonial administrations of the era. The process of land nationalization was sequential and multi-faceted, involving the formulation of laws and policies to legitimize the state property regime and the development of bureaucratic institutions created to implement claims of governments. Western concepts of nature preservation, silviculture, and industrial forestry provided a scientific basis for developing management goals and mechanisms for administering newly demarcated public forestlands. It is a legal fact that customary rights of the indigenous forest management system practiced by hilltribe communities and forest-dependent people for years and generations, such as long rotation swidden agriculture, agro-forestry, hunting and gathering regimes, often found little or no recognition, even ignored, in these new systems of land tenure and forest laws as they were based on European concepts of land ownership; reflecting very different modes of production and legal traditions. (Fox, 1993) In one hand, a discourse of state forestry was established drawing on constitutions, laws and other legislations that largely ignored and rejected local climes to forest lands and access to forest resources. This was based on a growing body of decrees, regulations, codes, and other government declarations that reinforced de jure rights of the state vested through national constitutions and agrarian laws. But, on the other hand, in many cases local communities continued to be de facto users and managers of forests, until the state or other entities authorized by the government, usually state forest enterprises or private sector corporations, began exploiting the resources. When tensions, conflicts or confrontations between state and local people occurred, the former almost always ignored and prevailed, although resistance often continued in the form of guerilla activities, sabotage, petty theft and arson. (Peluso, 1992; Poffenberger, 1999) It is estimated that in Southeast Asia region, there are around 80 to 100 million indigenous and hill tribe people who reside on land classified as state forest. Moreover, there are an additional 200 million rural residents who are in varying degrees dependent on forest resources and products for their survival. Traditional tenure systems employed by indigenous people on forest lands and access to forest resources have been the primary mechanism for allocating natural forest resources among the local people. This customary tenure practices continue to guide communal resource management, despite the absence of formal recognition for thousands of years. These community-based tenure systems draw their legitimacy from the indigenous people as forest dwellers and forest-dependent peoples. (Poffenberger: 1999, 4) Southeast Asian countries are challenged by the great differences between government forest and land laws and customary tenure traditions and regimes. The presence of many forest dwellers is still not acknowledged by most national laws and bureaucrats that possess legal jurisdiction and control over land and forest resources. In this condition, forest dwellers are always indiscriminately labeled as destroyers of forest resources. They are usually considered to be squatters illegally using state-owned resources. Thus, tens of millions of indigenous people residing in and around forest zones live under a constant threat of being arbitrarily displaced, politically ignored, and economically marginalized. (Lynch: 1993, 28) It has been observed that in many existing cases, state laws and regulations tend to dominate and ignore indigenous laws and traditions with regard to forest lands use and access to forest resources employed for generations. The indiscriminate legal labeling of forest resources as public forest has effectively created “open access” situations that undermine community-based tenure encourage legal and illegal use and extraction of natural resources, and promote migration and greater population density in ecologically fragile areas. (Lynch, 1995) Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows 39
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Reflections on the
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CONTENTS About the Book v Acknowled
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ABOUT THE BOOK Reflections<
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THE CONTRIBUTORS (The information a
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University of the Philippines in th
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about social change. For example, S
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wars—the First World War and the
Page 15 and 16: It will not be easy but I believe t
Page 17 and 18: Before I conclude, allow me to offe
Page 19 and 20: highlighted in this Workshop’s fr
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION Abdul Rahman Embong AG
Page 23 and 24: API Fellowships Program that the 4
Page 25 and 26: in Indonesia and their engagement w
Page 27 and 28: countries as a way of seeking empow
Page 29 and 30: HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONF
Page 31 and 32: problem developing with the relatio
Page 33 and 34: I have arrived at this point in my
Page 35 and 36: REFERENCES Bellwood, Peter S. 1985.
Page 37 and 38: PAST PERIPHERY: CURATION IN SOUTHEA
Page 39 and 40: co-location of art around the world
Page 41 and 42: arts and design and were not formal
Page 43 and 44: and cultural value can heighten the
Page 45 and 46: y boat from Bangkok. In this cultur
Page 47 and 48: in the gentrified district of Thong
Page 49 and 50: Supangkat, Jim. 1995. “Contempora
Page 53 and 54: in Bangkok and reassembled at the t
Page 55 and 56: In her article, “The Politics of
Page 57 and 58: legend is unlikely to achieve simil
Page 59 and 60: KHAW SIM BEE AND MODERN PHUKET In t
Page 61 and 62: French, British or Dutch, is less m
Page 63 and 64: More recently, a new interest in lo
Page 65: Books. pp. 89-126. Journal Articles
Page 69 and 70: of RCSD), Dr. Chainarong Sretthacha
Page 71 and 72: forestry departments and other tech
Page 73 and 74: Although most Southeast Asian gover
Page 75 and 76: of cultivated area, and population
Page 77 and 78: the drought. Since the early 1990s,
Page 79 and 80: In both Peninsular Malaysia and Sar
Page 81 and 82: Affairs under the Ministry of Home
Page 83 and 84: Community Forestry Program (CFP) wa
Page 85 and 86: in Thailand and the Philippines. Ma
Page 89 and 90: that joined the conflict; and (ii)
Page 91 and 92: level of 1%. In addition, since the
Page 93 and 94: participation in collective action,
Page 95 and 96: Thompson, M. and M. Warburton. 1985
Page 97 and 98: trol by Suharto. The approximately
Page 99 and 100: unit headed by General Prabowo, Suh
Page 101 and 102: Muhammadiyah bersama kekuatan socia
Page 103 and 104: who refuse to acknowledge the exist
Page 105 and 106: For the most part, respondents demo
Page 107 and 108: Islam Mengejar Ketertinggala. In jo
Page 109 and 110: ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDE
Page 111 and 112: spiritual adaptation—gradual, hig
Page 113 and 114: But underlying all his views—KH G
Page 115 and 116: women demand for divorce, they woul
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father tried to convince her to rev
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Happy Birthday, dear Muhammad! SEKA
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cultural particularity cannot provi
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strengthened by Malaysia’s ethnic
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destined to build a civilisation of
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of capitalism has led to an increas
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Because living away from home and i
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leads them to concede that they may
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In Malaysia, on the other hand, the
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hierarchy has not hesitated to util
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ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDE
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almost 40 years ago—September 30,
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CLEARING THE SPACE: ART AS TRANSPOR
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that we can see more clearly the ar
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women; violence against women is no
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ALTERNATIVE SPACES IN INDONESIA The
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structural foundations to play thei
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Asian animation companies bid fierc
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Filipino parents, newspaper columni
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digital content creation to find cl
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containing advice and insights on f
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devoted his time to produce the fir
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Figure 2: The Structure of the Japa
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 5: Cartoon’s
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mind. GDH shared its production pro
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interesting to note that the audien
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an impression of what their works w
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y passion which was in fashion at t
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movies and other special effects fi
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Otaku culture is just like any othe
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Akihabara Tokyo’s Electric Town,
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ands emerged slowly, and fans of th
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Apparently, these Otaku subgroups c
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and Practice (6:1), (27-37). Schodt
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH GLOB
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great divide between availability a
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Figure 3: Weight changes in Japanes
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collected using a questionnaire, in
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Table 10: Self Report on Health (N=
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Table 29: Body mass index (BMI) of
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH Tabl
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REFERENCES Aekplakorn W., Chaiyapon
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH TEAM
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noted for HBs antigen (HBsAg) among
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given to the clients confidentially
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GBV- 84 4 8 4 0. 4 9 7 8 9 9 8 7 2
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the detailed characterization on th
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type 2 infection in the Philippines
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DESPERATELY SEEKING MARKETS If mark
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integrated circuits, industrial rob
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that JP’s privatized banking divi
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limited scope for private healthcar
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instances where such individuals ha
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even as public finances improved fo
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The United States could easily desi
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take shape so that they are in line
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Bank itself may be subject to force
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH RESE
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The indexers extracted the importan
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wound healing from generation to ge
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Figure 3: The list of 21 researcher
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E. F. 1. Regulation of export; and
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com/cybernews/sehat/kapsul/kapsul-s
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government long maintained an inter
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oei. First, beginning with Cambodia
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key issue for Japan is that there i
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Japanese government revised its mar
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Unlike New Komeito which has been b
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(2) type of Article 9 revision; and
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These results depict the tenacity o
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has manifested unilateralist tenden
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Midford, Paul. 2003. “Japan’s R
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“Poll shows fears of war at highe
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THE STATE, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALIZ
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and Sri Lanka. Then, the Greater Me
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Table 2: Thailand Trade Value of Ag
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Thailand has been the most intensiv
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In according to the presence of goo
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In case of the losers from FTAs, th
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13 At these years, the world econom
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Nipon Poapongsakorn, Martin Ruhs, S
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RESULTS The Indonesia Railway The w
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Noise Table 1: Results of noise mea
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Maintenance and improvement of reli
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signal to allow the train to procee
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The results of Yamanashi Maglev Tes
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1980. Recently, research focus on e
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comprehensive ones to short-term po
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FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The author s
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politicians made the first moves, a
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Compliance Certificate issued by th
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Tubay’s JCADI has its own busines
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the majority political positions in
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280 SESSION IV McCoy, Alfred W. (ed
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282 SESSION IV Table 3: Profiles of
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Table 6: Summary of Case Studies. 2
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286 SESSION IV GENE REVOLUTION AND
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288 SESSION IV During the introduct
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290 SESSION IV state arm to provide
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292 SESSION IV The reason he chose
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294 SESSION IV of RRCanola but he g
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296 SESSION IV should understand th
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298 SESSION IV (Kanniah, 2004). 29
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300 SESSION V EMPOWERING THE URBAN
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302 SESSION V after the Marcos admi
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304 SESSION V Table 2: List of Part
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306 SESSION V a primitive community
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308 SESSION V THE HOMELESS IN THE M
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310 SESSION V Tokyo and Yokohama, b
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312 SESSION V station, Nanba, Nippo
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314 SESSION V Local administrations
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316 SESSION V alternatives. That ma
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318 SESSION V some conclusions coul
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320 SESSION V the children), 15. Th
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322 SESSION V unemployed daily work
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324 SESSION V no common activities
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326 SESSION V Yoseba and Disemploym
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328 SESSION V receive the seikatsu
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330 SESSION V is still a question w
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332 SESSION V can exemplify the rea
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334 SESSION V land and expropriatio
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336 SESSION V JAPANESE AND MALAYSIA
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338 SESSION V The new Child Welfare
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340 SESSION V while at the same tim
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342 SESSION V Chart 1: The Fluctuat
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344 SESSION V Picture 1.b Source: r
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346 SESSION V on education is more
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348 SESSION V REINTEGRATION PROGRAM
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350 SESSION V most migrants, partic
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352 SESSION V Table 3: Changes in t
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354 SESSION V 39 years old. However
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356 SESSION V restaurant entreprene
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358 SESSION V 50 and 59 years old 2
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360 SESSION V order to go work abro
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362 SESSION VI TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL A
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364 SESSION VI the third round had
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366 SESSION VI The Role of the Oppo
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368 SESSION VI peasants in land occ
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370 SESSION VI exposed to open tour
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372 SESSION VI While in Indonesia,
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374 SESSION VI the balance of power
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376 SESSION VI Table 1: Major Human
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378 SESSION VI Table 2: Regional De
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380 SESSION VI Non-docketed complai
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382 SESSION VI Barangay Captain Sol
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384 SESSION VI countries that forei
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386 SESSION VI Rights Education in
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388 SESSION VI by a facilitator. Gr
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390 SESSION VI The true nature of t
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392 SESSION VI Japanese economy is
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394 SESSION VI Table 2: Chronology
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396 SESSION VI Sept. 2000: Filed la
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398 SESSION VI politicians’ quali
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400 SESSION VI Table 5: Organizatio
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402 SESSION VI Table 6: Organizatio
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404 SESSION VI The All Japan Citize
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406 SESSION VI Freedom of informati
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408 SESSION VI for only four second
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410 SESSION VI DEVELOPMENT AND PROB
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412 SESSION VI of the news. Althoug
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414 SESSION VI Efendi Gazali, a mas
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416 SESSION VI Some say that the Ka
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418 SESSION VI Table 3: Indonesian
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420 SESSION VI are helpful in devel
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422 APPENDIX I WORKSHOP SCHEDULE Fo
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424 ASST. PROF. DR. ROSALIE B. ARCA
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426 APPENDIX III ABSTRACTS OF PAPER
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428 of such a challenge, the histor
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430 emergence of creativity and inn
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432 the legal conditions. It also p
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434 followed by I Nyoman Nurjaya fr
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436 Politics and Development in the
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438 of general comments were highli
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