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314 SESSION V Local administrations have played a role in involving the participation of various parties that are concerned with homelessness since 1994 by expanding meetings and seminars to include academics, NGOs, the mass media and members of the general public. Nevertheless, the opportunities for the homeless to join these forums to present their opinions on their problems, ways of life, needs and the proper way of solving the problem were still few in spite of the fact that they are the ones who must directly face these problems. Only occassionally were they able to join meetings convened to address some of their more immediate problems. The Role of NGOs in Solving the Problem of Homelessness NGOs that were involved in solving the problem of homelessness originated from the organizations of daily workers during the period 1978-1982 in Kanagasaki in Osaka, Sanya in Tokyo, Kotobuki in Yokohama, and Nagoya City. The goal of these organizations was to support the organization of daily workers in order to solve their problems of unemployment, of receiving no welfare benefits from the state, and the service charge they were forced to pay to job providing agencies. Their task at the beginning was to link up the daily workers’ unions and establish a daily workers’ movement in order to press the government into issuing a social welfare law and to set up job-providing centers. Their actions met with some response on the part of the central government and local administrations. However, at that time, there was a great surplus of labor, so more and more daily workers became jobless and eventually homeless. As a result, the daily workers’ organizations eventually had to turn their attention to solving the problem of homelessness, too. When homelessness increased in 1989, there were NGOs set up to work directly with the homeless. During the last 15 years (1989-2004), more organizations and groups have been established to support and help the homeless. Today, there are 50 such groups in Tokyo, 30 in Osaka, and around 20 in Nagoya, Yokohama, and Kyoto. Viewed generally, it seems that the aims and roles of the NGOs are alike—they aim to support and help the homeless to have a better quality of life, and have a role in assisting and promoting activities that will solve the problem of homelessness. However, the study discovered that the concepts and roles of the NGOs are both alike and different, and can be divided into three groups: Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows First, there were groups that emphasized social relief. Their concrete activities were providing food, health checks, clothes, legal advice, jobs, temporary shelter, etc. These groups emphasized the provision of direct services to the homeless. They could contact all government and private agencies without being concerned about conflicts in conceptual approach or working method. Most were religious groups and groups of the middle class, such as Star’s House, Yomawari no Kai, Kibou no Kai, Kamagasaki Christ Kyo-Yu-Kai, and Moyai. Second, there were groups that emphasized the rights of the poor as well as service activities. They provided food, jobs, health care, clothes and night patrols, in addition to training, seminars, meetings and campaigns. All activities were connected with organizing, providing information concerning the lives of the homeless, the rights of the poor, and other social problems. They aimed to set up homeless organizations in order to solve the immediate problems and supported the networking of the homeless in order to push the authorities to change policies about welfare, job provision and housing so that they could solve their problems in a way that was suited to the real world situation. These concepts differed from those of the authorities, so they were only able to coordinate with the authorities in solving some immediate problems and they received no financial support from the government. The workers of these NGOs have to work to earn their own living, while the funds for running activities are provided by donors. Organizations of this kind include Sanya Sokidan, Nonjiren, Asia Worker Network (AWN), Food Bank, Emergency Shelter (IMA) in Tokyo, Kamagasaki Patrol no Kai (Kamapato), Kamagasaki Daily Worker Union in Osaka, and Nagoya Patrol no Kai. Third, there were groups that called themselves non-profit organizations (NPOs). They emphasized supporting the homeless to solve their immediate problems. In working, they coordinated with the local authorities, and often proposed their own projects and sought funding for them from the local government. Their concrete activities included providing food, clothes, healthcare and other services. They also did night patrols and arranged meetings of the homeless, but did not touch on the issue of the rights of the homeless. They maintained good relations with the authorities because of the belief that working with the authorities would lead to a change of policy. They joined the schemes of authorities by urging the homeless to join housing programs, and they organized the homeless to move out of tents in the parks and into low-priced apartments or temporary shelters. Some NPOs in Osaka received budget allocations from the local authorities to build
temporary shelters for the homeless. In addition, they also ran other activities with funds provided by the authorities, such as job training centers, job-providing centers, health care centers, and centers for the elderly. NPOs included groups such as Shinjuku Ren rak Kai, Furusato no Kai in Tokyo, and Kamasaki Shien Kiko in Osaka. The relationship among the NGOs was loosely linked, with different organizations joining together in some activities such as the Summer Festival and New Year Festival. The relationship between the groups that emphasized the rights of the poor, on the one hand, and the NPOs, on the other, was quite aloof owing to the different conceptual approaches, visions, and working methods. At the same time, the relationships among the NPO groups are quite good, as is coordination among the groups that work on the rights of the poor. Networking of the Homeless Organizations By nature, the homeless are individuals, with each living his/her own life and being rather lonesome. To get them involved in joining activities and to organize them— which has been done by the development organizations, both governmental and non-governmental—is not easy. They have to find suitable activities and conduct them continuously over a long period of time until they can gain the trust of the homeless. Only then can organizing be done. From talking with leaders of the homeless and NGO workers from various groups, it can be concluded that the activities at the beginning must be relief services to solve the immediate problems, such as food and clothes. After a period of learning about each other, they can then go further to identify common points that can unify the homeless, and set about jointly solving their problems with initiatives such as job search services, housing, and heath care. After that, they could gradually develop to become a group or organization of the homeless. The forming of groups among the homeless began since the daily workers’ unions worked with them, but the organizing of homeless groups only became more clearly visible in 1990, with the support of NGOs. At that time, the government’s policy of removing the homeless from the parks, railway stations and other public places turned out to be a factor that contributed to the strengthening of the organizing work. Many homeless groups appeared in different areas, such as the homeless groups of Sumida riverside, Ueno Park, Yoyogi Park and Shinjuku Park in Tokyo; the homeless of Kotobuki at Yokohama Railway in Yokohama; the homeless group at Kamagasaki, Nishinari Park, Ogimachi Park, THE EMPOWERING THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 315 Osaka Castle Park and Nagai Park in Osaka; the homeless group at Kamo riverside and Kyoto Railway in Kyoto; and the homeless group in Nagoya. After that, these homeless groups began to establish contact with each other and run activities together. Meetings were arranged in zones, such as the homeless group in Shinjuku, which consisted of the homeless groups at Shinjuku Railway Station, Shinjuku Park and Toyama Park; homeless group at Sanya, consisting of the groups at Sumida riverside and Ueno Park; and the Minowa group. The NGOs supported this coordination. After 1996, the local administrations began to adjust the direction and policy in solving the problem of homelessness by running welfare programs such as job-providing centers and housing programs. The adoption of these new policies affected the coordination of homeless groups. On the one hand, homeless groups began to develop differing opinions about the government programs, with some supporting them and others not; on the other hand, even though differing opinions emerged, the various groups began to engage in discussion among themselves to consider the programs. As an overall result, discussions about programs in the various towns led to the coordination of the homeless groups between towns in order to share experience in solving the problem and consider the programs of the authorities in each town. The homeless groups from Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama, Nagoya and Kyoto began to arrange meetings supported by the NGOs. The change in local government policy, particularly the designing of cheap apartments and temporary shelter schemes, caused differing opinions to emerge, both among the homeless and the NGOs. After 2000, the differences between the NPOs and organizations concerned with the rights of the poor affected the coordination of homeless groups. The groups that joined the state programs began to distance themselves from the groups that did not join. Finally, they stopped participating in the activities of homeless groups altogether. At the time of the study, the homeless groups from Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka and Kyoto were linked together. The link was still loose, but there were attempts to mutually contact and give information, encouragement, and support when any one faced problems. There were three factors that obstructed the networking of the homeless: 1. The policy of the local administration in each case was too rigid and inflexible, and offered no Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
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Reflections on the
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CONTENTS About the Book v Acknowled
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ABOUT THE BOOK Reflections<
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THE CONTRIBUTORS (The information a
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University of the Philippines in th
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about social change. For example, S
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wars—the First World War and the
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It will not be easy but I believe t
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Before I conclude, allow me to offe
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highlighted in this Workshop’s fr
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INTRODUCTION Abdul Rahman Embong AG
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API Fellowships Program that the 4
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in Indonesia and their engagement w
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countries as a way of seeking empow
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HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONF
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problem developing with the relatio
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I have arrived at this point in my
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REFERENCES Bellwood, Peter S. 1985.
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PAST PERIPHERY: CURATION IN SOUTHEA
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co-location of art around the world
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arts and design and were not formal
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and cultural value can heighten the
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y boat from Bangkok. In this cultur
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in the gentrified district of Thong
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Supangkat, Jim. 1995. “Contempora
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in Bangkok and reassembled at the t
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In her article, “The Politics of
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legend is unlikely to achieve simil
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KHAW SIM BEE AND MODERN PHUKET In t
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French, British or Dutch, is less m
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More recently, a new interest in lo
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Books. pp. 89-126. Journal Articles
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of RCSD), Dr. Chainarong Sretthacha
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forestry departments and other tech
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Although most Southeast Asian gover
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of cultivated area, and population
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the drought. Since the early 1990s,
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In both Peninsular Malaysia and Sar
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Affairs under the Ministry of Home
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Community Forestry Program (CFP) wa
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in Thailand and the Philippines. Ma
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that joined the conflict; and (ii)
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level of 1%. In addition, since the
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participation in collective action,
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Thompson, M. and M. Warburton. 1985
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trol by Suharto. The approximately
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unit headed by General Prabowo, Suh
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Muhammadiyah bersama kekuatan socia
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who refuse to acknowledge the exist
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For the most part, respondents demo
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Islam Mengejar Ketertinggala. In jo
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ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDE
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spiritual adaptation—gradual, hig
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But underlying all his views—KH G
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women demand for divorce, they woul
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father tried to convince her to rev
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Happy Birthday, dear Muhammad! SEKA
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cultural particularity cannot provi
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strengthened by Malaysia’s ethnic
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destined to build a civilisation of
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of capitalism has led to an increas
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Because living away from home and i
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leads them to concede that they may
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In Malaysia, on the other hand, the
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hierarchy has not hesitated to util
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almost 40 years ago—September 30,
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CLEARING THE SPACE: ART AS TRANSPOR
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that we can see more clearly the ar
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women; violence against women is no
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ALTERNATIVE SPACES IN INDONESIA The
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structural foundations to play thei
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Asian animation companies bid fierc
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Filipino parents, newspaper columni
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digital content creation to find cl
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containing advice and insights on f
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devoted his time to produce the fir
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Figure 2: The Structure of the Japa
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 5: Cartoon’s
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mind. GDH shared its production pro
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interesting to note that the audien
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an impression of what their works w
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y passion which was in fashion at t
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movies and other special effects fi
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Otaku culture is just like any othe
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Akihabara Tokyo’s Electric Town,
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ands emerged slowly, and fans of th
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Apparently, these Otaku subgroups c
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and Practice (6:1), (27-37). Schodt
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH GLOB
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great divide between availability a
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Figure 3: Weight changes in Japanes
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collected using a questionnaire, in
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Table 10: Self Report on Health (N=
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Table 29: Body mass index (BMI) of
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH Tabl
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REFERENCES Aekplakorn W., Chaiyapon
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH TEAM
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noted for HBs antigen (HBsAg) among
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given to the clients confidentially
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GBV- 84 4 8 4 0. 4 9 7 8 9 9 8 7 2
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the detailed characterization on th
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type 2 infection in the Philippines
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DESPERATELY SEEKING MARKETS If mark
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integrated circuits, industrial rob
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that JP’s privatized banking divi
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limited scope for private healthcar
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instances where such individuals ha
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even as public finances improved fo
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The United States could easily desi
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take shape so that they are in line
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Bank itself may be subject to force
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH RESE
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The indexers extracted the importan
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wound healing from generation to ge
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Figure 3: The list of 21 researcher
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E. F. 1. Regulation of export; and
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com/cybernews/sehat/kapsul/kapsul-s
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government long maintained an inter
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oei. First, beginning with Cambodia
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key issue for Japan is that there i
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Japanese government revised its mar
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Unlike New Komeito which has been b
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(2) type of Article 9 revision; and
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These results depict the tenacity o
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has manifested unilateralist tenden
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Midford, Paul. 2003. “Japan’s R
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“Poll shows fears of war at highe
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THE STATE, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALIZ
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and Sri Lanka. Then, the Greater Me
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Table 2: Thailand Trade Value of Ag
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Thailand has been the most intensiv
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In according to the presence of goo
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In case of the losers from FTAs, th
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13 At these years, the world econom
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Nipon Poapongsakorn, Martin Ruhs, S
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RESULTS The Indonesia Railway The w
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Noise Table 1: Results of noise mea
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Maintenance and improvement of reli
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signal to allow the train to procee
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Page 293 and 294: 1980. Recently, research focus on e
Page 295 and 296: comprehensive ones to short-term po
Page 297 and 298: FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The author s
Page 299 and 300: politicians made the first moves, a
Page 301 and 302: Compliance Certificate issued by th
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Page 308 and 309: 280 SESSION IV McCoy, Alfred W. (ed
Page 310 and 311: 282 SESSION IV Table 3: Profiles of
Page 312 and 313: Table 6: Summary of Case Studies. 2
Page 314 and 315: 286 SESSION IV GENE REVOLUTION AND
Page 316 and 317: 288 SESSION IV During the introduct
Page 318 and 319: 290 SESSION IV state arm to provide
Page 320 and 321: 292 SESSION IV The reason he chose
Page 322 and 323: 294 SESSION IV of RRCanola but he g
Page 324 and 325: 296 SESSION IV should understand th
Page 326 and 327: 298 SESSION IV (Kanniah, 2004). 29
Page 328 and 329: 300 SESSION V EMPOWERING THE URBAN
Page 330 and 331: 302 SESSION V after the Marcos admi
Page 332 and 333: 304 SESSION V Table 2: List of Part
Page 334 and 335: 306 SESSION V a primitive community
Page 336 and 337: 308 SESSION V THE HOMELESS IN THE M
Page 338 and 339: 310 SESSION V Tokyo and Yokohama, b
Page 340 and 341: 312 SESSION V station, Nanba, Nippo
Page 344 and 345: 316 SESSION V alternatives. That ma
Page 346 and 347: 318 SESSION V some conclusions coul
Page 348 and 349: 320 SESSION V the children), 15. Th
Page 350 and 351: 322 SESSION V unemployed daily work
Page 352 and 353: 324 SESSION V no common activities
Page 354 and 355: 326 SESSION V Yoseba and Disemploym
Page 356 and 357: 328 SESSION V receive the seikatsu
Page 358 and 359: 330 SESSION V is still a question w
Page 360 and 361: 332 SESSION V can exemplify the rea
Page 362 and 363: 334 SESSION V land and expropriatio
Page 364 and 365: 336 SESSION V JAPANESE AND MALAYSIA
Page 366 and 367: 338 SESSION V The new Child Welfare
Page 368 and 369: 340 SESSION V while at the same tim
Page 370 and 371: 342 SESSION V Chart 1: The Fluctuat
Page 372 and 373: 344 SESSION V Picture 1.b Source: r
Page 374 and 375: 346 SESSION V on education is more
Page 376 and 377: 348 SESSION V REINTEGRATION PROGRAM
Page 378 and 379: 350 SESSION V most migrants, partic
Page 380 and 381: 352 SESSION V Table 3: Changes in t
Page 382 and 383: 354 SESSION V 39 years old. However
Page 384 and 385: 356 SESSION V restaurant entreprene
Page 386 and 387: 358 SESSION V 50 and 59 years old 2
Page 388 and 389: 360 SESSION V order to go work abro
Page 390 and 391: 362 SESSION VI TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL A
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364 SESSION VI the third round had
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366 SESSION VI The Role of the Oppo
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368 SESSION VI peasants in land occ
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370 SESSION VI exposed to open tour
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372 SESSION VI While in Indonesia,
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374 SESSION VI the balance of power
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376 SESSION VI Table 1: Major Human
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378 SESSION VI Table 2: Regional De
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380 SESSION VI Non-docketed complai
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382 SESSION VI Barangay Captain Sol
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384 SESSION VI countries that forei
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386 SESSION VI Rights Education in
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388 SESSION VI by a facilitator. Gr
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390 SESSION VI The true nature of t
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392 SESSION VI Japanese economy is
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394 SESSION VI Table 2: Chronology
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396 SESSION VI Sept. 2000: Filed la
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398 SESSION VI politicians’ quali
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400 SESSION VI Table 5: Organizatio
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402 SESSION VI Table 6: Organizatio
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404 SESSION VI The All Japan Citize
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406 SESSION VI Freedom of informati
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408 SESSION VI for only four second
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410 SESSION VI DEVELOPMENT AND PROB
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412 SESSION VI of the news. Althoug
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414 SESSION VI Efendi Gazali, a mas
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416 SESSION VI Some say that the Ka
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418 SESSION VI Table 3: Indonesian
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420 SESSION VI are helpful in devel
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422 APPENDIX I WORKSHOP SCHEDULE Fo
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424 ASST. PROF. DR. ROSALIE B. ARCA
Page 454 and 455:
426 APPENDIX III ABSTRACTS OF PAPER
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428 of such a challenge, the histor
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430 emergence of creativity and inn
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432 the legal conditions. It also p
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434 followed by I Nyoman Nurjaya fr
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436 Politics and Development in the
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438 of general comments were highli
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