Reflections on the Human Condition - Api-fellowships.org

level of 1%. In addition, since the number of samples
in both groups was over 20, a normal approximation
formula is applied:
Z = -0.20 > -Z 0.01/2 = -2.58
The result does not show a significant difference between
the two groups.
(3) Holding size: longan orchard
This factor does not show normal distribution and the
number of samples in both groups is over 20. Thus the
normal approximation formula of the Mann-Whitney
U-test is applicable:
Z = -7.16 < -Z 0.01/2 = -2.58
The result shows a significant difference between the
two groups.
(4) Dependency on irrigation water
This factor does not show a normal distribution and
the number of samples in both groups is over 20. Thus
the normal approximation formula of Mann-Whitney
U-test is applicable:
Z = -5.89 < -Z 0.01/2 = -2.58
The result shows a significant difference between the
two groups.
(5) Proportion of income from cash crops
This factor does not show a normal distribution and
the number of samples in both groups is over 20. Thus
the normal approximation formula of Mann-Whitney
U-test is applicable:
Z = -4.82 < -Z 0.01/2 = -2.58
The result shows a significant difference between the
two groups.
(6) Ratio of income from wage labor
This factor does not show a normal distribution and
the number of samples in both groups is over 20. Thus
the normal approximation formula of Mann-Whitney
U-test is applicable:
Z = -4.73 < -Z 0.01/2 = -2.58
HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONFLICT
The result shows a significant difference between the
two groups.
(7) Available amount of irrigation water
This factor does not show a normal distribution and
the number of samples in both groups is over 20. Thus
the normal approximation formula of Mann-Whitney
U-test is applicable:
Z = -2.86 < -Z 0.01/2 = -2.58
The result shows a significant difference between the
two groups.
(8) Participation in collective action
This subject is measured on a nominal scale as follows:
(a) participation every year is assigned a value of “1”;
(b) lack of participation every year is assigned a value of
“0”. A Chi-square test at the 1% significance level was
carried out to test equivalence for each activity. First,
for participation in meetings, the result was:
χ2 = 7.87 > χ2 = 6.64
0.01, 1
The result shows a significant difference between the
two groups.
Second, for participation in drainage, the result was:
χ2 = 2.37 < χ2 = 6.64
0.01, 1
The result did not show a significant difference between
the two groups.
Third, for participation in ceremonies, the result was:
χ2 = 0.1 < χ2 = 6.64
0.01, 1
The result did not show a significant difference between
the two groups.
(9) Perceptions of the water shortage
The percentages of each cause identified by the targets
are shown in Figure 3.
Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity
The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
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