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360 SESSION V order to go work abroad. The brokers look for people in the villages or in Bangkok using several beguiling and exploitative tricks. So far, international migration has tremendously changed the norms and traditions of people in primitive communities. The people who really benefit from international migration are not migrant workers, but the brokers who possess wide connection networks, both local and international networks. The migrant workers and their families are vulnerable to losing in both the short and long run. From the macro level perspective, Thai immigrant workers to Japan may be able to send large amounts of remittance to their home country. But from the micro level perspective, migrant workers and their families require a great deal of money for the departure process. In addition, some migrant workers need to work in risky and social unacceptable jobs like commercial sex work. They strive for survival and surrender to exploitive and risky situations, especially in terms of their health. Economic gain was the primary factor in Thai migrants’ decision to work in Japan. Although Thai migrant workers earned less money than the local workers in Japan by comparison, their wages could improve their material standard of living in Thailand. Working in Japan for only three to five days gave them the same amount of money as working in Thailand for a whole month. Although the living cost in Japan was very expensive, they could still save large amounts of money after converting from Japanese Yen to Thai Baht. Due to stressful working conditions, these Thai migrant workers needed to find ways of relaxing. If they chose the right kinds recreation, they might be successful from having come to work in Japan. However, if they chose the wrong kinds of recreation, such as gambling, the Pachinko [Japanese pinball game], snack bars, drinking, etc., they might lose out by having come to work in Japan. In these cases, even though they earned a large amount of money, they had no savings. Therefore, selfcontrol and making a plan for their period of working abroad were the most important considerations for those who wanted to go to work abroad. The other consideration that we need to be concerned with before going to work abroad is the families left behind in Thailand. Migrant workers, especially those who came to work in Japan illegally, might have no chance to teach and socialize with their kids and this might lead to a situation of family disintegration. Although these migrant workers could earn a great deal Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows of money, they failed to raise their children. As a result, the children might be more likely to spend money extravagantly and be more vulnerable to addictive drugs. For some families of migrant workers, the spouses and families also spend money unwisely, and in the worst case, the long distance may lead to divorce, leaving the children alone with other family members. Living abroad for several years can also lead to difficulties in reintegrating to the original society. Therefore, reintegration program should help those returning to reassume their developmental role in nation building, including socio-cultural and economic reintegration that covers migrant workers and their families who were left behind. The special objectives of reintegration programs are to reunite the life of migrant workers with their families and communities, and to adapt their experiences abroad for developing their original community and country. References Migrant Year Book. 1999. Hong Kong: Asian Migrant Center. Angsuthanasombat, Kannika. 1999. Thai Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong: Background, Working Conditions and Implications for The Reintegration Programme, thesis, The National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand. Asis, Maruja M.B. 2001. The Return Migration of Filipino Women Migrants: Home, But Not for Good? In Country Study: Philippines, Female Labour Migration in South-East Asia: Change & Continuity, Bangkok: Asian Research Center for Migration, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University (25-26). Azam, Farooq. 2003. International Organization for Migration, Concluding Remarks at the 8 th IASFM Conference on Forced Migration, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Bank of Thailand. 2004. Report on Total Remittances to Thailand Through Banking System. Chantavanich, Supang, et al. 2003. Preparedness Management for the Protection of Thai Migrant Workers: A Participatory Action Research for Model Development, Return & Reintegration. Bangkok: Thai Research Fund. Dinan, Kinsey Alden. 2002. Trafficking in Women from Thailand to Japan. Harvard Asia Quarterly, VI: 4-5. Human Rights Watch. 2000. Owed Justice Thai Women Trafficked into Debt Bondage in Japan, United State of America: Library of Congress Card Number: 00- 107963.
Immigration Bureau. 2004. 2004 Immigration Control. Ministry of Justice, Tokyo, Japan. International Catholic Migration Commission. 1998. A Situational Analysis of Reintegration Needs and Response Programmes for Returned Overseas Filipino Workers, Regional Liaison Office in Manila, Manila, Philippines. Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training, 2004. Labor situation in Japan and analysis 2004/2005, Tokyo. Office of Labor Affairs in Japan. 2005. Report on The Situation of Thai Migrants in Japan, Tokyo: The Royal Thai Embassy. POEA: Policies and Programs Division Planning Branch. 2003. POEA's Labor Assistance Center on the actual departures of OFWs at the international airports, Manila, Philippines. Ruenkaew, Pataya. 2001. Female Thai Migrants in Japan, Tokyo: The Nippon Foundation Asian Public Intellectuals Fellowships Program. Samonte, Elena L, et al.. 1995. State of The Nation: Research Reports. In Issues and Concerns of Overseas Filipinos: An Assessment of the Philippine Government’s Response. Thailand Overseas Employment Adminishration (TOEA). 2005. Statistic of Thai Workers by Countries Year 2004. Asian Labor Market Promotion Section, Department of Employment, Ministry of Labor. Endnotes 1 Since the currency exchange market was liberalized in March, 1999, the actual revenue from Thai laborers in overseas might be more than the amount of money that is sent through the banking system. This is because workers can now bring up tp $5000 of their money with them in the form of cash. Therefore, there are fewer laborers who transfer money through the banking system. 2 POEA: Policies and Programs Division: PLANNING BRANCH, on POEA’s Labor Assistance Center on the actual departures of OFWs at the International Airport, Manila, Philippines, 2003. 3 DER-BSP, on Overseas Filipino Workers’ Remittances 2004, Manila, Philippines. 4 SIAMRAT, Thai Newspaper, February 16, 2006, Bangkok, Thailand. 5 The time of the study in Philippines was not sufficient THE EMPOWERING THE POOR AND VULNERABLE 361 to collect feedback from returned OFWs on the implementation of “Reintegration Programs” conducted by OWWA, churches and NGOs. 6 By the 1980s, the government had organized an overseas employment program by assigning market promotion, the regulation of the migration industry through a system of licensing and monitoring, and the documentation, processing and deployment of workers to the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), while welfare and protection issues are the province of the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA). The enactment of the Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995 (RA 8042) was a major step in promoting the protection of overseas Filipino workers. 7 Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) Interview, Manila, Philippines, October 18, 2004. 8 Episcopal Commission on the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants (ECMI): Church interview, Manila, Philippines, October 29, 2004. 9 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), interviewed in September – November 2004 - ATIKHA Inc., in Laguna - Center for Migrant Advocacy (CMA), in Manila - Development Action for Women Network (DAWN-Philippines), in Manila - Kanlungan Center Foundation, Inc. in Manila - Scalabrini Migration Center (SMC), in Manila - Unlad Kabayan, in Manila 10 The Employment Security Law, Article 63, states that a person who falls under any of the following items shall be punished with imprisonment for not less than one year and not more than ten years or a fine of not less than 200,000 yen and not less than 3,000,000 yen, as of December 2 nd , 2004: A person who conducts or engages in an employment exchange, labor recruitment or labor supply, by means of violence, intimidation, imprisonment or any other restraint on metal or physical freedom; A person who conducts or engages in an employment exchange, labor recruitment or labor supply for the purpose of soliciting jobs with an intention of inducting workers to do works injurious to the public health or morals. Ref lections on the Human Condition: Change, Conflict and Modernity The Work of the 2004/2005 API Fellows
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Reflections on the
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CONTENTS About the Book v Acknowled
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ABOUT THE BOOK Reflections<
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THE CONTRIBUTORS (The information a
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University of the Philippines in th
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about social change. For example, S
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wars—the First World War and the
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It will not be easy but I believe t
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Before I conclude, allow me to offe
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highlighted in this Workshop’s fr
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INTRODUCTION Abdul Rahman Embong AG
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API Fellowships Program that the 4
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in Indonesia and their engagement w
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countries as a way of seeking empow
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HERITAGE, IDENTITY, CHANGE AND CONF
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problem developing with the relatio
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I have arrived at this point in my
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REFERENCES Bellwood, Peter S. 1985.
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PAST PERIPHERY: CURATION IN SOUTHEA
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co-location of art around the world
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arts and design and were not formal
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and cultural value can heighten the
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y boat from Bangkok. In this cultur
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in the gentrified district of Thong
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Supangkat, Jim. 1995. “Contempora
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in Bangkok and reassembled at the t
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In her article, “The Politics of
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legend is unlikely to achieve simil
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KHAW SIM BEE AND MODERN PHUKET In t
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French, British or Dutch, is less m
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More recently, a new interest in lo
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Books. pp. 89-126. Journal Articles
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of RCSD), Dr. Chainarong Sretthacha
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forestry departments and other tech
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Although most Southeast Asian gover
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of cultivated area, and population
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the drought. Since the early 1990s,
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In both Peninsular Malaysia and Sar
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Affairs under the Ministry of Home
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Community Forestry Program (CFP) wa
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in Thailand and the Philippines. Ma
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that joined the conflict; and (ii)
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level of 1%. In addition, since the
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participation in collective action,
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Thompson, M. and M. Warburton. 1985
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trol by Suharto. The approximately
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unit headed by General Prabowo, Suh
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Muhammadiyah bersama kekuatan socia
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who refuse to acknowledge the exist
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For the most part, respondents demo
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Islam Mengejar Ketertinggala. In jo
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ENGAGING MODERNITY: RELIGION, GENDE
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spiritual adaptation—gradual, hig
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But underlying all his views—KH G
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women demand for divorce, they woul
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father tried to convince her to rev
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Happy Birthday, dear Muhammad! SEKA
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cultural particularity cannot provi
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strengthened by Malaysia’s ethnic
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destined to build a civilisation of
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of capitalism has led to an increas
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Because living away from home and i
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leads them to concede that they may
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In Malaysia, on the other hand, the
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hierarchy has not hesitated to util
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almost 40 years ago—September 30,
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CLEARING THE SPACE: ART AS TRANSPOR
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that we can see more clearly the ar
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women; violence against women is no
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ALTERNATIVE SPACES IN INDONESIA The
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structural foundations to play thei
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Asian animation companies bid fierc
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Filipino parents, newspaper columni
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digital content creation to find cl
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containing advice and insights on f
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devoted his time to produce the fir
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Figure 2: The Structure of the Japa
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Figure 5: Cartoon’s
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mind. GDH shared its production pro
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interesting to note that the audien
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an impression of what their works w
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y passion which was in fashion at t
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movies and other special effects fi
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Otaku culture is just like any othe
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Akihabara Tokyo’s Electric Town,
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ands emerged slowly, and fans of th
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Apparently, these Otaku subgroups c
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and Practice (6:1), (27-37). Schodt
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH GLOB
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great divide between availability a
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Figure 3: Weight changes in Japanes
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collected using a questionnaire, in
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Table 10: Self Report on Health (N=
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Table 29: Body mass index (BMI) of
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH Tabl
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REFERENCES Aekplakorn W., Chaiyapon
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH TEAM
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noted for HBs antigen (HBsAg) among
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given to the clients confidentially
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GBV- 84 4 8 4 0. 4 9 7 8 9 9 8 7 2
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the detailed characterization on th
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type 2 infection in the Philippines
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DESPERATELY SEEKING MARKETS If mark
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integrated circuits, industrial rob
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that JP’s privatized banking divi
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limited scope for private healthcar
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instances where such individuals ha
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even as public finances improved fo
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The United States could easily desi
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take shape so that they are in line
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Bank itself may be subject to force
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CHANGING LIFESTYLES AND HEALTH RESE
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The indexers extracted the importan
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wound healing from generation to ge
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Figure 3: The list of 21 researcher
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E. F. 1. Regulation of export; and
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com/cybernews/sehat/kapsul/kapsul-s
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government long maintained an inter
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oei. First, beginning with Cambodia
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key issue for Japan is that there i
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Japanese government revised its mar
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Unlike New Komeito which has been b
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(2) type of Article 9 revision; and
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These results depict the tenacity o
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has manifested unilateralist tenden
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Midford, Paul. 2003. “Japan’s R
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“Poll shows fears of war at highe
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THE STATE, DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBALIZ
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and Sri Lanka. Then, the Greater Me
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Table 2: Thailand Trade Value of Ag
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Thailand has been the most intensiv
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In according to the presence of goo
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In case of the losers from FTAs, th
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13 At these years, the world econom
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Nipon Poapongsakorn, Martin Ruhs, S
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RESULTS The Indonesia Railway The w
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Noise Table 1: Results of noise mea
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Maintenance and improvement of reli
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signal to allow the train to procee
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The results of Yamanashi Maglev Tes
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1980. Recently, research focus on e
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comprehensive ones to short-term po
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FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The author s
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politicians made the first moves, a
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Compliance Certificate issued by th
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Tubay’s JCADI has its own busines
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the majority political positions in
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280 SESSION IV McCoy, Alfred W. (ed
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282 SESSION IV Table 3: Profiles of
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Table 6: Summary of Case Studies. 2
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286 SESSION IV GENE REVOLUTION AND
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288 SESSION IV During the introduct
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290 SESSION IV state arm to provide
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292 SESSION IV The reason he chose
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294 SESSION IV of RRCanola but he g
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296 SESSION IV should understand th
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298 SESSION IV (Kanniah, 2004). 29
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300 SESSION V EMPOWERING THE URBAN
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302 SESSION V after the Marcos admi
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304 SESSION V Table 2: List of Part
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306 SESSION V a primitive community
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308 SESSION V THE HOMELESS IN THE M
Page 338 and 339: 310 SESSION V Tokyo and Yokohama, b
Page 340 and 341: 312 SESSION V station, Nanba, Nippo
Page 342 and 343: 314 SESSION V Local administrations
Page 344 and 345: 316 SESSION V alternatives. That ma
Page 346 and 347: 318 SESSION V some conclusions coul
Page 348 and 349: 320 SESSION V the children), 15. Th
Page 350 and 351: 322 SESSION V unemployed daily work
Page 352 and 353: 324 SESSION V no common activities
Page 354 and 355: 326 SESSION V Yoseba and Disemploym
Page 356 and 357: 328 SESSION V receive the seikatsu
Page 358 and 359: 330 SESSION V is still a question w
Page 360 and 361: 332 SESSION V can exemplify the rea
Page 362 and 363: 334 SESSION V land and expropriatio
Page 364 and 365: 336 SESSION V JAPANESE AND MALAYSIA
Page 366 and 367: 338 SESSION V The new Child Welfare
Page 368 and 369: 340 SESSION V while at the same tim
Page 370 and 371: 342 SESSION V Chart 1: The Fluctuat
Page 372 and 373: 344 SESSION V Picture 1.b Source: r
Page 374 and 375: 346 SESSION V on education is more
Page 376 and 377: 348 SESSION V REINTEGRATION PROGRAM
Page 378 and 379: 350 SESSION V most migrants, partic
Page 380 and 381: 352 SESSION V Table 3: Changes in t
Page 382 and 383: 354 SESSION V 39 years old. However
Page 384 and 385: 356 SESSION V restaurant entreprene
Page 386 and 387: 358 SESSION V 50 and 59 years old 2
Page 390 and 391: 362 SESSION VI TOWARDS SUCCESSFUL A
Page 392 and 393: 364 SESSION VI the third round had
Page 394 and 395: 366 SESSION VI The Role of the Oppo
Page 396 and 397: 368 SESSION VI peasants in land occ
Page 398 and 399: 370 SESSION VI exposed to open tour
Page 400 and 401: 372 SESSION VI While in Indonesia,
Page 402 and 403: 374 SESSION VI the balance of power
Page 404 and 405: 376 SESSION VI Table 1: Major Human
Page 406 and 407: 378 SESSION VI Table 2: Regional De
Page 408 and 409: 380 SESSION VI Non-docketed complai
Page 410 and 411: 382 SESSION VI Barangay Captain Sol
Page 412 and 413: 384 SESSION VI countries that forei
Page 414 and 415: 386 SESSION VI Rights Education in
Page 416 and 417: 388 SESSION VI by a facilitator. Gr
Page 418 and 419: 390 SESSION VI The true nature of t
Page 420 and 421: 392 SESSION VI Japanese economy is
Page 422 and 423: 394 SESSION VI Table 2: Chronology
Page 424 and 425: 396 SESSION VI Sept. 2000: Filed la
Page 426 and 427: 398 SESSION VI politicians’ quali
Page 428 and 429: 400 SESSION VI Table 5: Organizatio
Page 430 and 431: 402 SESSION VI Table 6: Organizatio
Page 432 and 433: 404 SESSION VI The All Japan Citize
Page 434 and 435: 406 SESSION VI Freedom of informati
Page 436 and 437: 408 SESSION VI for only four second
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410 SESSION VI DEVELOPMENT AND PROB
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412 SESSION VI of the news. Althoug
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414 SESSION VI Efendi Gazali, a mas
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416 SESSION VI Some say that the Ka
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418 SESSION VI Table 3: Indonesian
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420 SESSION VI are helpful in devel
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422 APPENDIX I WORKSHOP SCHEDULE Fo
Page 452 and 453:
424 ASST. PROF. DR. ROSALIE B. ARCA
Page 454 and 455:
426 APPENDIX III ABSTRACTS OF PAPER
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428 of such a challenge, the histor
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430 emergence of creativity and inn
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432 the legal conditions. It also p
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434 followed by I Nyoman Nurjaya fr
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436 Politics and Development in the
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438 of general comments were highli
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