Bausteine - Referate - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

Sustainable neighborhood rating systems: An international comparison
Die Bewertungsmatrix
for at least half of the residents and businesses,
offering up to four points for 10 diverse uses.
The Assessment Matrix evaluates the access to
“daily needed goods,” giving the highest score to
a place where they are within walking distance
and a mid-level score when they are within a
10 minute bicycle or transit journey. LEED-ND’s
“diverse uses” list has some services which are
also considered “daily needed goods” in the
Assessment Matrix such as a bank, pharmacy,
restaurant and supermarket. (See Table 2 for
a complete comparison.) However, the LEED-
ND “diverse uses” list includes less frequented
services such as a theater, a hardware store and
a police/fire station. In the Assessment Matrix,
the first two are considered appropriate for a
neighborhood center location; the third is not
addressed.
It should be noted: German planning regulations
use the standard of “daily needed goods,”
specifying them as conditional uses in restricted
residential zones and permitted uses in general
residential and mixed-use zones. (See Table
1 for a comparison of residential zoning.) The
small scale retail allowed in general residential or
mixed-use areas has a size limit of 1,200 square
meters (13,000 square feet). However, German
businesses have adapted to this scale of retail,
from national chains to local businesses. While
the determination of a “daily needed good” is at
the discretion of a local planner, the application
of it is not considered problematic – they are
considered to be shops or services that most
Germans frequent at least once per week.
Access to Social Infrastructure
and Cultural Offerings
LEED-ND has a credit for providing a school
within a ½ mile (400 meter) walk for at least
half of the residents and considers day care as a
“diverse use.” In the Assessment Matrix evaluation
of social infrastructure, such as a school, day
care and doctor, the best score is based on the
ease of reachability and competitiveness of transit.
The Assessment Matrix also has a separate
category for cultural offerings such as a theater
or museum, also measured by reachability and
transit competitiveness. Once again, LEED-ND
doesn’t differentiate cultural options but does
include a theater with diverse uses.
Access to Recreational Space
For recreational space, LEED-ND offers credits
for providing parks, squares, sports facilities or
other recreational options within a 1/6-1/2 mile
(130-400 meter), depending on the type of
space. In the Assessment Matrix, the best score
is given if there are at least two recreational
options in close proximity; the score drops somewhat
if recreational options can be reached
within 10 minutes by bicycle or transit.
3. Compact and Walkable Design
The Compact and Walkable Design category
analyzes the density and urban design of a particular
site. While both rating systems share the
same goal of compact design with higher density,
LEED-ND goes further in evaluating walkability.
Density and Mixed-Use
Common metrics are used to evaluate density:
floor area ratio (FAR) and dwelling units (DU)
per acre in LEED-ND an FAR and lot coverage
ratio in the Assessment Matrix. LEED-ND has
a prerequisite density of a 0.50 FAR for commercial
buildings and 7 dwelling units per acre
(2.8 units per hectare) for residential areas. This
residential standard based on the minimum
density to support basic bus service. (Pushkarev
and Zupan 1977) This standard goes up to a
3.5 FAR for commercial buildings or 70 dwelling
unit per acre (2.8 units per hectare). The Assessment
Matrix the best scores to residential
areas with a lot coverage ratio of 60 percent
and 1.8 FAR to mixed-use areas with an 80 percent
lot coverage ratio and 2.4 FAR. The density
standard is higher in LEED-ND, with a FAR of
1.8 given the best rating for residential in the
Assessment Matrix, yet it only scores three out
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