the university of chicago the phonology and ... - SIL International

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The is also inserted to break up a rising tone in 4c and 4d, a structure which is rare in tautomorphemic environments and thus also dispreferred. 1 Certain noun modifiers may also take the plural prefix. Descriptive adjectives take the prefix when they modify animate nouns. For example, in the noun phrase =C>H =C>H =C>H =C>H =C= =C= =C= =C= ‘large animals’, the adjective takes the plural prefix in modifying the animate noun, but in the noun phrase C>H C>H C>H C>H =5 =5 =5 =5 ‘large cups’, the same adjective is in its default form since the noun is inanimate. Cloarec-Heiss (p. 50) notes that in Linda, an ordinal number may also take a plural prefix, as in (5). This is likely the case in Mono as well, but I could not verify this with my corpus of data. (5) Ordinal number with plural prefix in Linda (Cloarec-Heiss, p. 50) => => => => 5 55 5 FA( FA( FA( FA( PL-two DET flee:NF ‘The second ones fled.’ Besides the plural prefix = =, = = there are several lexical means for marking plural. First, different verbs forms may be employed depending on whether a certain argument is singular or plural. For example, the verb = = = = ‘give’ is employed if the direct object is singular whereas the verb ‘give’ is employed if the direct object is plural: (6) Lexical marking of plural in verbs: vs. = = = = ‘take’ a. LJ LJ LJ LJ ( ( ( ( > > > 5= 5= 5= 5= ( ( ( ( I(FA I(FA I(FA I(FA >=A >=A >=A >=A three INF-give two SS remain one ‘Three minus two equals one.’ b. @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K (= (= (= (= =A =A =A =A ( ( ( ( I(FA I(FA I(FA I(FA L== L== L== L== five INF-give one SS remain four ‘Five minus one equals four.’ 1 A similar allomorph occurs in the related language Linda. Cloarec-Heiss (1986: 209) suggests that the is inserted in order to avoid confusion between the plural prefix and the initial vowel = of the stem, which she considers a non-productive prefix. Thus, the use of = = = = would prevent the creation of a long vowel as in the words ==>=( ==>=( ‘fathers’ and == ==K( == K( K( K( ‘uncles’ in (4a-b). This explanation seems motivated, but Kamanda (1998: 332) points out that there are cases in Linda where the == == == == prefix (the form in Linda) occurs with words in which the initial vowel of the stem is not =, e.g. M M M M ‘spouse’ vs. ==M ==M ==M ==M ‘spouses’. Tisserant (1930: 27) on the other hand considers the use of == == == == to be a sign of respect. 95
Second, certain adjectives are lexically marked for plural. For example, the adjective A(CA(H( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( ‘big’ is singular and the adjective C>H C>H C>H C>H ‘big’ is plural, as in (7): (7) Lexical marking of plural in adjectives: A(CA(H( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( vs. C>H C>H C>H C>H ‘big’ a. =(I( =(I( =(I( =(I( @( @( @( @( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( A(CA(H( =5 =5 =5 =5 this COP big(sg) cup ‘That is a big cup.’ b. =(I( =(I( =(I( =(I( @( @( @( @( C>H C>H C>H C>H =5 =5 =5 =5 this COP big(pl) cup ‘Those are big cups.’ Third, plural can be indicated by use of quantifiers, either numeral or non- numeral, as in (8): (8) Lexical marking of plural in quantifiers a. Ken I( I( I( I( @ @ @ @ =5 =5 =5 =5 > > 5= 5= 5= 5= PN be with cup two ‘Ken has two cups.’ b. Ken I( I( I( I( @ @ @ @ =5 =5 =5 =5 @H( @H( @H( @H( PN be with cup many ‘Ken has many cups.’ Before leaving the topic of the plural in Mono, one additional observation needs to be made. In Mono, there are a large number of lexical items which begin with the vowel = =, = = but do not carry the semantic notion of plural. These include some animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and adverbs. In the case of the adverbs, the initial = = = = is optional. (9) Sample words beginning with the vowel = = = = a. animate nouns =C= =C= =C= =C= ‘animal’ =J5( =J5( =J5( =J5( ‘louse’ =>=( =>=( ‘father’ (kinship term) b. inanimate nouns =K(CK =K(CK =K(CK =K(CK ‘mushroom’ =M= =M= =M= =M= ‘work’ =( =( =( =( ‘hoof’ (body part) c. adverbs =C>=(C =C>=(C =C>=(C =C>=(C ~ C>=(C C>=(C C>=(C C>=(C ‘brusquely, abruptly’ =>KJ5( =>KJ5( =>KJ5( =>KJ5( ~ >KJ5( >KJ5( >KJ5( >KJ5( ‘night’ (time word) =@= =@== =@= =@= = = = ~ @== @== @== @== ‘evening’ (time word) 96
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
Page 7 and 8:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
Page 9 and 10:
Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
Page 11 and 12:
ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
Page 13 and 14:
This dissertation is dedicated to t
Page 15 and 16:
There are several languages in the
Page 17 and 18:
The Bubanda region is located to th
Page 19 and 20:
convincing. More will be said about
Page 21 and 22:
Her phonological analysis consists
Page 23 and 24:
study informing the internal classi
Page 25 and 26:
men hunt small game, but large game
Page 27 and 28:
third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
Page 29 and 30:
of Lingala is reduced, both for men
Page 31 and 32:
language. Also, code switching is n
Page 33 and 34:
Finally, several documents dealing
Page 35 and 36:
with the contrast between sounds, a
Page 37 and 38:
CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
Page 39 and 40:
4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
Page 41 and 42:
Mono consonants share several trait
Page 43 and 44:
Despite the fact that the labial fl
Page 45 and 46:
The data in (1) show sample contras
Page 47 and 48:
However, contrasts are readily atte
Page 49 and 50:
case of the pronouns. If the pronou
Page 51 and 52:
2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
Page 53 and 54:
If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
Page 55 and 56:
The data in (19) show sample contra
Page 57 and 58: = Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
Page 61 and 62: (3) Tautomorphemic words containing
Page 63 and 64: 3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
Page 65 and 66: (13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
Page 67 and 68: Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
Page 71 and 72: tongue position in addition to a pr
Page 73 and 74: However, this is not what we find.
Page 75 and 76: 4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
Page 77 and 78: each vowel in the sequence. She con
Page 79 and 80: consonant to be lower in sonority t
Page 81 and 82: entire word as its domain, which wo
Page 83 and 84: phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
Page 85 and 86: is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
Page 87 and 88: . Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
Page 89 and 90: this is that these words bear stres
Page 91 and 92: Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
Page 93 and 94: (3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
Page 95 and 96: the words, ‘far’, F F F F
Page 97 and 98: The adjective == == == == ‘small
Page 99 and 100: One question which arises is whethe
Page 101 and 102: 1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
Page 103 and 104: In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
Page 105 and 106: contains several morphemes are term
Page 107: (2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
Page 111 and 112: Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
Page 113 and 114: (13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
Page 115 and 116: element begins with a vowel, vowel
Page 117 and 118: Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
Page 119 and 120: 121) considers this to be an unprod
Page 121 and 122: document clearly the formal propert
Page 123 and 124: Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
Page 125 and 126: (31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
Page 127 and 128: There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
Page 129 and 130: 7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
Page 131 and 132: (45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
Page 133 and 134: (49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
Page 135 and 136: which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
Page 139 and 140: This chapter consists of four parts
Page 141 and 142: Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 145 and 146: languages on one hand (Degema and t
Page 147 and 148: Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
Page 149 and 150: Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 151 and 152: oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
Page 153 and 154: In the tokens I examined, then, I f
Page 155 and 156: ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
Page 157 and 158: Figure 8.23: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 159 and 160:
labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162:
formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 8.28: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 165 and 166:
(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168:
Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172:
Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174:
start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176:
Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178:
presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180:
Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182:
Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184:
transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186:
linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188:
The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190:
APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192:
( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194:
20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196:
33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198:
( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200:
( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202:
( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204:
( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206:
9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208:
Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210:
=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212:
== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214:
(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216:
@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218:
A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220:
C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222:
C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224:
ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226:
=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228:
=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230:
= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232:
F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234:
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236:
H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238:
— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240:
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242:
(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244:
I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246:
J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248:
— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250:
KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252:
M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254:
=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256:
APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258:
changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260:
Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262:
original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264:
Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266:
C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268:
Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270:
Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272:
Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274:
is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276:
The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278:
difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280:
published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282:
languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284:
sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286:
in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288:
approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290:
The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292:
One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294:
Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296:
This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298:
D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300:
7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302:
(4) Contrast with other labial soun
Page 303 and 304:
(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
Page 305 and 306:
which are shown in (11). Third, the
Page 307 and 308:
distribution of the labial flap bea
Page 309 and 310:
In addition, we provide evidence co
Page 311 and 312:
South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
Page 313 and 314:
the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
Page 315 and 316:
ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
Page 317 and 318:
words are found in those subgroups.
Page 319 and 320:
‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
Page 321 and 322:
Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
Page 323 and 324:
the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328:
Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 329 and 330:
Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 331 and 332:
(23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 333 and 334:
(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336:
MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340:
Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342:
Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344:
Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346:
Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348:
Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350:
Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356:
Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358:
Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366:
Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368:
Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
show all

the university of chicago the phonology and ... - SIL International

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?