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@K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K @== @== @== @== L== L== L== L== NUM. nine, ninth. @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K @== @== @== @== LJ LJ LJ LJ NUM. eight, eighth. v. counsel. F F F F v. advise. #1319. = = = = Variant: A= A= A= A= v. shake. #1971. = = = = =( =( =( =( v. wave (hand as a greeting). #1889. EXCL. yes. #1518. @( @( @( @( n. pride. M PN. the Mono language and people. (HF=(C (HF=(C (HF=(C (HF=(C n. traveler. #0389. M= M= M= M= Variant: KM= KM= KM= KM= n. mourning, grief. #1204. v. 1) be tired, be weak, ripen, become cooked. 2) build. #0141, 1105, 1123, 1677, 1702, 1718, 1740, 1755. (( (( (( (( v. laugh. #1369, 1427. (( (( (( (( >= >= >= >= v. smile. #1443. J5=(J5K J5=(J5K v. become cheerful. #1408. ( ( ( ( n. cola nut. #0597. ( ( ( ( n. playing. K(HK( K(HK( K(HK( K(HK( n. leopard. #0435. — > > > > — >== >== >== >== n. elephant. #0416. >=>= >=>= >=>= >=>= n. mollusk (fresh-water). #0439. >=(H=(J=( >=(H=(J=( >=(H=(J=( >=(H=(J=( n. horse. #0487, 0489. >=J= >=J= >=J= >=J= n. stool. #0845. >== >== >== >== n. xylophone. >A= >A= >A= >A= n. the man’s in-laws, i.e. the family of the wife (parents and brother), brother in law. #0320, 0321, 0360. >A >AA >A >AA A A n. blue duiker, gazelle. #0420. >AAC= >AAC= >AAC= >AAC= Variant: >A(A(C= >A(A(C= >A(A(C= >A(A(C= n. crocodile. >ACA >ACA >ACA >ACA n. forest pig, wild boar. >AF= >AF= >AF= >AF= n. dove (domestic pigeon). #0412. >AJ >AJ >AJ >AJ n. paper, book, letter (loan from Sango?). #0821. >H >H >H >H v. do, act, create, make. #1918, 1928, 1951. >H >H >H >H CONJ. because, for, in order to, ago. #1491. >H >H >H >H =M= =M= =M= =M= v. work. #1293. >H >H >H >H =M= =M= =M= =M= =J= =J= =J= =J= = = = = (@= (@= (@= (@= v. work as a mason. #1117. >H >H >H >H =M= =M= =M= =M= B B B B v. serve. #1272. >H >H >H >H =CM= =CM= =CM= =CM= v. beget. #0148. >H >H >H >H =J= =J= v. pretend. #1437. >H >H >H >H A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( H H H H Variant: >H >H >H >H A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( F v. err, make a mistake. #1415. >H >H >H >H (@( (@( (@( (@( v. draw. #1226. >H >H >H >H H H H H B B B B v. help, aid, assist. >H >H >H >H C=A C=A C=A C=A QUEST. why. #1516. >H >H >H >H @( @( @( @( v. satisfy. #1442. >H >H >H >H IK( IK( IK( IK( v. make a clay pot. >H >H >H >H >KHK>KHK >KHK>KHK >KHK>KHK >KHK>KHK v. become dark. #1572. 220
H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be drunk. #0130. >H >H >H >H J( J( J( J( v. abuse. #1211. >H >H >H >H KK KK KK KK v. poison (a person). #1189. >(H(A >(H(A >(H(A >(H(A n. sunshine. #0757. > > > > F= F= F= F= Morph: > > > > -(?) ADJ. whitish. > > > > H HH H K K K K ADJ. pale color. > > > > K K K K ADJ. albino. > > > > M= M= M= M= Morph: > > > > -(?) ADJ. white. #1569. >> >> >> >> I( I( I( I( v. spy. #1277. >> >> >> >> v. faint. #0172. >M( >M( >M( >M( n. coco yam, taro. #0595. > > > > C C C C =( =( =( =( n. palm branch. #0637. > > > > n. sunrise. #0778. >K(CK( >K(CK( >K(CK( >K(CK( n. 1) dry season. 2) year. >K(K >K(K >K(K >K(K n. date, promise. #1308. >K@K( >K@K( >K@K( >K@K( n. white person (loan from French bonjour?). #0310. >KHKIK >KHKIK >KHKIK >KHKIK Morph: >KHK >KHK(?)-KIK >KHK >KHK KIK KIK n. white hair. #0104. — — = = = = v. go, come, walk. #1825, 1887. = = = = =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( v. voyage, travel. #1879. = = = = =(J=( =(J=( (( (( (( (( v. take a walk. #1285. = = = = @ @ @ @ v. accompany (lit: “go with”). #1786. = = = = @A @A @A @A v. wander. #1888. = = = = C=J(5( C=J(5( C=J(5( C=J(5( v. go away. #1826. = = = = =J5= =J5=-=J5= =J5= =J5= =J5= =J5= =J5= v. be in a hurry. #1732. = = = = =C>=( =C>=( =C>=( =C>=( Variant: = = = = = =@=( = = @=( @=( @=( v. follow. #1822. = = = = >A= >A= >A= >A= v. negotiate for a wife. = = = = (H( (H( (H( (H( =C= =C= =C= =C= v. hunt. #1059. = = = = F=( F=( F=( =5A =5A =5A =5A v. cohabit. #1222. =J=A =J=A =J=A =J=A cf. =J=A =J=A. =J=A =J=A N@=>= @=>= @=>= @=>= Variant: N@=F= @=F= @=F= @=F= PN. God (loan from Sango Nzàpa). #1171. AA AA AA AA Variant: A A A A A A, A A ( ( ( ( FUNC. no, not. #1500, 1503. ART. definite article. PRON. Inanimate object pronoun. ( ( ( ( Variant: ( ( ( ( CONJ. of, used to indicate possession for inanimate and animate nouns; for, to. FH FH FH FH n. dwarf, pygmy. #0281. E E E E Variants: K K, K K K K, K K E E, E E O O O O v. 1) defecate. 2) rain. E E E E KK KK KK KK v. defecate. #0169. F F F F n. puff adder, poisonous snake. #0452, 0458. = = = = ( ( ( ( v. have patience with. =( =( =( =( n. cat (loan from Lingala niao). J J J J NUM. thousand (loan from Lingala nkoto). v. 1) pluck, play (instrument). 2) shoot. #1161, 1909. v. wring out. #2000. 221
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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