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CAH CAH CAH CAH ADV. sound that a bell makes. C(= C(= C(= C(= Morph: K(CK( K(CK(-== K(CK( K(CK( == == == n. tears. #0120. C=A C=A C=A C=A n. wardrobe, cupboard. C(A C(A C(A C(A n. dew. #0665. C>A C>A C>A C>A n. gun. #1039. C(>A C(>A C(>A C(>A n. cow (loan from Lingala Ngómbe). C C C C F FF F v. dance in a trance. #1158. CD(H( CD(H( CD(H( CD(H( ADV. narrow, hollow. #1596, 1617. C( C( C( C( Variant: C( C( C( C( n. fish trap, hoop net. #1035. CC> CC> CC> CC> n. valley. #0724. C@H C@H C@H C@H n. devil, god. #1167, 1172. C(C( C(C( C(C( C(C( n. of this time, now. #0776. C(C( C(C( C(C( C(C( =(I( =(I( =(I( =(I( TIME. now. CJ CJ CJ CJ n. chicken. #0476, 0485. CK CK CK CK n. jigger, maggot. #0513, 0517. CKHK CKHK CKHK CKHK v. scrape, rake, weed (with a hoe). #0991. CKHK CKHK CKHK CKHK (J( (J( (J( (J( v. scratch. #0184. CK(5 CK(5 CK(5 CK(5 Morph: K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( 5 55 5 (?) n. saliva, spittle. #0080. CKK CKK CKK CKK Morph: K(CK( K(CK(-K K(CK( K(CK( K K K n. pregnancy. #0224. CM=(CM= CM=(CM= CM=(CM= CM=(CM= n. gizzard. #0539. CM=H CM=H CM=H CM=H Morph: =CM= =CM=-H =CM= =CM= n. seed (in general, what is planted). #0640, 0895. — C> C> C> C> — C>= C>= C>= C>= v. be many. C>=(=(H( C>=(=(H( C>=(=(H( C>=(=(H( n. funeral. #1197. C>= C>= C>= C>= Variant: C>=> C>=> C>=> C>=> n. bone. #0015, 0536. C>= C>= C>= C>= C=MK C=MK C=MK C=MK n. bridge of the nose. #0020. C>= C>=@A C>= C>= @A n. bag, pocket. #0791, 0829. C>=( C>=( C>=( C>=( n. wine (alcohol). #0914. C>==> C>==> C>==> C>==> n. tobacco pipe. #0851. C>=== C>=== C>=== C>=== PN. November. C>=(=( C>=(=( C>=(=( C>=(=( n. echo. #1311. C>=@ C>=@ C>=@ C>=@ n. length. #1578. C>=(@ C>=(@ C>=(@ C>=(@ n. rust. #1620. C>=CAM C>=CAM C>=CAM C>=CAM n. type of cat. #0407. C>=(CH C>=(CH C>=(CH C>=(CH J5 J5 J5 J5 n. humming of a tune. #1153. C>=CK( C>=CK( C>=CK( C>=CK( n. medium drum. #1147. C>=C> C>=C> C>=C> C>=C> NUM. thousand. #1558. C>A= C>A= C>A= C>A= n. white clay, lime, whitewash. #0728, 1088. C>A C>A C>A C>A n. iron. #0817. C>(HA(A( C>(HA(A( C>(HA(A( C>(HA(A( n. copper. #0804. C> C> C> C> Variant: C> C> C> C> ADV. deep. #1640. C> C> C> C> ADV. clear, open. C>H C>H C>H C>H n. temporary waterhole. C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ ADJ. bad, wrong, false. C>C C>C C>C C>C n. warthog. #0464. C>> C>> C>> C>> n. hyena. cf. =M =M. =M =M 224
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF= n. bedstead, bed frame. #0793. C> C> C> C> v. light, sweep. #1009, 1020. C> C> C> C> J( J( J( J( v. agree. #1320. C>= C>= C>= C>= v. join, mix with, assemble, cleave, make love, accumulate, gather up. #1917, 1919, 1941. C>= C>= C>= C>= J( J( J( J( =( =( =( =( v. assemble, meet. #1215, 1246. C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K n. fresh. #1652. C>(( C>(( C>(( C>(( n. grass (a tall type of esóbé with which you can make a whistle). C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ n. beam, rafter. #1080. C>C( C>C( C>C( C>C( n. shin. #0081. C>K(CK( C>K(CK( C>K(CK( C>K(CK( n. dry season, hot season, season. #0736, 0737, 0738, 0744, 0754. C>K(CK( C>K(CK( C>K(CK( C>K(CK( =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK n. rainy season. #0749. — — (>( (>( (>( (>( n. flesh. @ @ @ @ n. foolishness. (@(H( (@(H( (@(H( (@(H( ADJ. red, ripe, purple, pink, dark orange. #1568. (@(H( (@(H( (@(H( (@(H( 5 5 5 5 n. red soil. #0703. BH BH BH BH Variant: BH BH BH BH n. grass (lawn). C C C C n. hunger, desire, need. #0112, 0133. C C C C n. village. #0881. C C C C K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( n. thirst. #0121, 0140. CH CH CH CH n. small hole (e.g., hole in the wall). C>H C>H C>H C>H ADJ. large (plural). n. sadness, poverty, pity, sorrow. #1127, 1131, 1373, 1375, 1392. (( (( (( (( n. badness. #1612. KK KK KK KK Variant: KK KK KK KK (Morph: -KK KK KK) KK n. corpse. #0258. H H H H n. chest, torso. #0024. ((H( ((H( ((H( ((H( n. small talking drum. FH FH FH FH ADJ. true. FH FH FH FH n. truth. #1378. n. sleep, slumber, day. #0118, 0138. C=A C=A C=A C=A QUEST. when. #1512. > > > > n. wing. #0547. @ @ @ @ ADJ. short. #1598. @ @ @ @ n. wideness. #1581. @H @H @H @H n. dew, mist, fog, cloud. #0733, 0741. C> C> C> C> n. town. #0880. FH FH FH FH n. egg. #0889. (H( (H( (H( (H( n. 1) hunt, gathering of food. 2) alive (for animals and plants). #1042. (5( (5( (5( (5( n. place, message. #0699. (5( (5( (5( (5( ( ( ( ( n. everywhere. #1494. (J( (J( (J( (J( n. clay (for making pots), potter’s clay. #1083, 1093. LH LH LH LH n. back. #0006. LH LH LH LH n. young, youth. #0143, 0269. M M M M n. fire, lamp, flashlight, running engine. #0670. 225
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286: in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
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McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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