the university of chicago the phonology and ... - SIL International
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labiodental. He notes that it can occur in nouns, verbs, <strong>and</strong> adverbs, but he considers all<br />

examples to be ideophonic. He attests <strong>the</strong> sound in <strong>the</strong> words >(L=M >(L=M >(L=M >(L=M ‘black buffalo,<br />

Derby el<strong>and</strong>’, =(L( =(L( =(L( =(L( <br />

<br />

‘type <strong>of</strong> herb’, = =(L= = = (L= (L= (L= ‘type <strong>of</strong> mask for initiation <strong>and</strong><br />

mourning’, L L L L ‘to tan, to s<strong>of</strong>ten (<strong>of</strong> lea<strong>the</strong>r)’, <strong>and</strong> F=(L=( F=(L=( F=(L=( F=(L=( ‘disproportionately large’.<br />

Nzakmbay [NZY] (Chad, Cameroon). The labial flap is reported in Nzakmbay by<br />

Boyd (1974) (“Nják Mbái”) <strong>and</strong> James Roberts (per. comm.) (“Nzakambay”). Boyd<br />

considers <strong>the</strong> sound bilabial or labiodental. He attests <strong>the</strong> sound in <strong>the</strong> lexical items for L=<br />

L=<br />

‘to hit’ <strong>and</strong> LK LK ‘to throw’.<br />

D.7.4 Ubangi<br />

1. B<strong>and</strong>a. The labial flap is found in ten <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> eleven B<strong>and</strong>a subgroups. The<br />

subgroup in which it is not attested is South Central B<strong>and</strong>a, which includes Langbashe<br />

(Cloarec-Heiss 1978: 17). Grimes (1996) generally treats each <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se subgroups as a<br />

single language, <strong>and</strong> we have followed that convention here. Sources give evidence for<br />

contrast in B<strong>and</strong>a-Bambari, B<strong>and</strong>a-Ndélé, Mid-Sou<strong>the</strong>rn B<strong>and</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Mb<strong>and</strong>ja. In most<br />

languages it is considered common, <strong>and</strong> it is attested in over twenty-five lexical items in<br />

B<strong>and</strong>a-Bambari, B<strong>and</strong>a-B<strong>and</strong>a, B<strong>and</strong>a-Mbrès, Mid-Sou<strong>the</strong>rn B<strong>and</strong>a, Togbo-Vara B<strong>and</strong>a,<br />

West Central B<strong>and</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> Mb<strong>and</strong>ja. Tisserant (1931) considers <strong>the</strong> flap a “fundamental<br />

sound” in B<strong>and</strong>a. In most languages it is attested in both word-initial <strong>and</strong> intervocalic<br />

positions.<br />

Tisserant (1931) provides numerous examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> labial flap. He reports no<br />

less than 33 examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sound which occur in <strong>the</strong> “ensemble des dialectes, ou la<br />

majeure partie d’entre eux” (p. 10). Of <strong>the</strong>se examples, <strong>the</strong> flap is in word-initial position<br />

in 15 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> in word-medial position in 18. These examples are comprised <strong>of</strong> nouns,<br />

verbs, adverbs, <strong>and</strong> one adjective. He does not explicitly mention dialects in <strong>the</strong> B<strong>and</strong>a-<br />

Ndélé, B<strong>and</strong>a-Yangere, or Southwestern (Ngbundu) groups, so it is not clear if <strong>the</strong>se 33<br />

302

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