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and examples. ABBREVIATIONS The following are abbreviations for grammatical terms used frequently in the text 1PL.EXCL 1st person pl. exclusive 1PL.INCL 1st person pl. inclusive 1SG 1st person singular 2PL 2nd person plural 2SG 2nd person singular 3PL 3rd person plural 3SG 3rd person singular ADJ adjective ADJ2 adjective (follows noun) ADV adverb BEN benefactive CERT certainty CLEFT cleft marker COND conditional CONJ conjunction COP copula DEIC deictic DET determiner DISC discourse marker EMPH emphatic EXCL exclamation FUNC function word FUT future IMP imperative INF infinitive LOC locative n. noun NEG negation NF non-future NUM number OB obligations PL plural PN proper noun PRON pronoun RED reduplicant xii REFL reflexive REP repetitive QUEST question REL relative clause marker SS same subject STAT stative SUBJ subjunctive TAM tense, aspect, and mood TIME time expression v. verb
This dissertation is dedicated to the Mono people of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Page 1 and 2: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
Page 9 and 10: Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
Page 11: ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
Page 15 and 16: There are several languages in the
Page 17 and 18: The Bubanda region is located to th
Page 19 and 20: convincing. More will be said about
Page 21 and 22: Her phonological analysis consists
Page 23 and 24: study informing the internal classi
Page 25 and 26: men hunt small game, but large game
Page 27 and 28: third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
Page 29 and 30: of Lingala is reduced, both for men
Page 31 and 32: language. Also, code switching is n
Page 33 and 34: Finally, several documents dealing
Page 35 and 36: with the contrast between sounds, a
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
Page 39 and 40: 4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
Page 41 and 42: Mono consonants share several trait
Page 43 and 44: Despite the fact that the labial fl
Page 45 and 46: The data in (1) show sample contras
Page 47 and 48: However, contrasts are readily atte
Page 49 and 50: case of the pronouns. If the pronou
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
Page 53 and 54: If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
Page 55 and 56: The data in (19) show sample contra
Page 57 and 58: = Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
Page 61 and 62: (3) Tautomorphemic words containing
Page 63 and 64:
3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
Page 65 and 66:
(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
Page 67 and 68:
Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
Page 155 and 156:
ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194:
20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196:
33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222:
C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254:
=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260:
Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262:
original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264:
Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266:
C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268:
Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270:
Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272:
Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274:
is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276:
The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280:
published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282:
languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284:
sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292:
One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294:
Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302:
(4) Contrast with other labial soun
Page 303 and 304:
(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
Page 305 and 306:
which are shown in (11). Third, the
Page 307 and 308:
distribution of the labial flap bea
Page 309 and 310:
In addition, we provide evidence co
Page 311 and 312:
South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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