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J=(C J=(C J=(C J=(C TIME. time (loan from Lingala ntángo). N=(>A =(>A =(>A =(>A PN. God (loan from Lingala Nzámbe). — @ @ @ @ — @=(>= @=(>= @=(>= @=(>= n. table. @=C= @=C= @=C= @=C= v. annoy, disturb, bother. #1403. @=M @=M @=M @=M Morph: =@= =@=-M =@= =@= M M M n. forge. #1085. @A(LA( @A(LA( @A(LA( @A(LA( n. mane. #0543. @( @( @( @( PREP. at the home of, for, in order to; this preposition is from the word (@( (@( (@( (@( ‘mark’. cf. Cloarec-Heiss (1986: 28, 160, 401). @( @( @( @( C=A C=A C=A C=A QUEST. why. #1516. @(>K@K( @(>K@K( @(>K@K( @(>K@K( Morph: (@( (@(->K@K( (@( (@( >K@K( n. meaning. #1372. @ @( @ @( (@= ( @= Morph: (@( (@(-=@= (@( (@( =@= =@= n. footprint. @ @( @ @( (= ( = = = Morph: (@( (@(-== (@( (@( == == == n. story, tale, sting of insects, some. #0558. @ @( @ @( (= ( = = = =M =M =M =M n. log. #0689. @ @( @ @( (= ( = = = (>= (>= (>= (>= n. strap. #0847. @ @( @ @( (= ( = = = KK KK KK KK n. speech. #1312. @ @( @ @( (=JH ( =JH =JH =JH Morph: (@( (@(-== (@( (@( == ==-JH == JH JH JH n. story, tale. #1313. @ @( @ @( (= ( = = = Morph: (@( (@(-== (@( (@( == ==- == n. account (report), announcement, news. #1294, 1296, 1304. @ @ @ @ K K K K n. orange (loan from Lingala ndímo). #0612. @ @ @ @ M=( M=( M=( M=( n. rubber. #0836. @ @ @ @ v. spoil, go bad, break down, be ruined. #1680, 1893, 1894. @ @ @ @ H H H H v. destroy, spoil. #1899. @>K@K( @>K@K( @>K@K( @>K@K( Morph: (?)->K@K( >K@K( >K@K( n. last, end. #1660, 1760. @@ @@ @@ @@ n. curse. #1166. @@ @@ @@ @@ n. stump. #0644. @H @H @H @H PREP. around, outside of, next to. @L@= @L@= @L@= @L@= Morph: (?)-=@= =@= Variant: @> @> @> @> @= @= @=, @= @K(LK@= @K(LK@= @K(LK@= @K(LK@= n. heel. #0050. @MH @MH @MH @MH v. swarm. @MH @MH @MH @MH n. crowd, herd, swarm. #0259, 0474, 0559. @ @ @ @ v. approach. #1787. @ @ @ @ FUNC. near. #1482. @(CA= @(CA= @(CA= @(CA= Variant: @(CA= @(CA= @(CA= @(CA= TIME. day before yesterday. #0766. @H>= @H>= @H>= @H>= v. drown. #1900. @ @ @ @ n. flower. #0578. @ @ @ @ n. ant (soldier). #0500. @(C(( @(C(( @(C(( @(C(( n. boundary, last (final), end. #0655, 1660, 1760. @K @K @K @K v. be sweet. #1695. @KK(HKK( @KK(HKK( @KK(HKK( @KK(HKK( n. blunt. #1634. @K(K( @K(K( @K(K( @K(K( n. vine or pole. @KHK @KHK @KHK @KHK v. drown. #1900. @KHKC( @KHKC( @KHKC( @KHKC( n. heron. #0428. 222
— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomit. #0252, 1975. @=F= @=F= @=F= @=F= n. stick (for disciplining children). @=H=F=(@= @=H=F=(@= @=H=F=(@= @=H=F=(@= n. ladder, scaffolding. #1087, 1096. @A @A @A @A ADV. also. @AA @AA @AA @AA n. chicken pox, measles. @ACAA @ACAA @ACAA @ACAA v. infect. #0249. @E @E @E @E v. be straight. #1693. @ @ @ @ v. 1) drink (something). 2) open (a book). #0170. @ @ @ @ > > > > v. smoke (tobacco). #1275. @ @ @ @ JF=( JF=( JF=( JF=( FKHK( FKHK( FKHK( FKHK( v. (become) drunk. #1229. @(>(H( @(>(H( @(>(H( @(>(H( n. bow. #1031. @= @= @= @= K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( Morph: @ @-(?) @ @ K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( v. drown. #1721. @F= @F= @F= @F= NUM. ten, tenth. #1532. @H @H @H @H v. suck. #0192. @H( @H( @H( @H( Variant: =@H( =@H( =@H( =@H( ADJ2. many, large number. #1520, 1667. @ @ @ @ v. scratch, dig (the ground). #1969. @ @ @ @ J5=(CK(HK( J5=(CK(HK( v. divorce. #1225. @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. clear away, scatter. #0995, 1966. @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( J( J( J( J( v. scatter. #1965. — C C C C — C= C= C= C= v. 1) bark. 2) fight, box. 3) get angry. 4) be bitter, be sharp. #1633. C= C= C= C= ADV. spread out. C= C= C= C= =C= =C= =C= =C= v. growl. #1339. C= C= C= C= B B B B v. grumble. #1340. C= C= C= C= 5A 5A 5A 5A v. fight. #1234. C== C== C== C== n. snail. #0522. C=@= C=@= C=@= C=@= n. hook, fishhook. #0815, 1036. C=(C C=(C C=(C C=(C n. egg-plant. #0600. C== C== C== C== == == == == v. sharpen (as an arrow) (bring to a point). #1019. C=@A C=@A C=@A C=@A Variant: C=@A C=@A C=@A C=@A n. chair. #0802. C=F= C=F= C=F= C=F= v. defend. #1054. C=(F( C=(F( C=(F( C=(F( n. A short-handled hoe. #0964. C=H=( C=H=( C=H=( C=H=( n. tendon. #0091. C=(M C=(M C=(M C=(M Morph: =(C=( =(C=((?)-M =(C=( =(C=( M M M n. smoke, fume. #0715. C=MK C=MK C=MK C=MK n. nose. #0072. CA@= CA@= CA@= CA@= n. money, silver (loan from Sango or Ngbandi?). #0841, 1125. CAI= CAI= CAI= CAI= v. sneeze. #0251. CA(I= CA(I= CA(I= CA(I= n. rope, light. CA( CA( CA( CA( =LK =LKHK =LK =LK HK n. drizzle. #0752. C C C C =( =( =( =( n. palm tree, oil palm. #0582, 0609. C@ C@ C@ C@ n. urine. #0123. CH CH CH CH v. snore. #0190. CH5 CH5 CH5 CH5 n. gall bladder. CHM CHM CHM CHM Morph: C C C C H -M M M M Variant: C C C C H MK MK n. charcoal. #0921. 223
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
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Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
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Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
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McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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