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the following criteria. First, I visually inspected a wide-band spectrogram of each token
to verify that there was a steady state period for the vowel. I then calculated the midpoint
of the steady state based on measurements of the start and end points. The window of
analysis was then centered on this midpoint. I took three measurements of each formant
frequency: (1) by visual inspection on a wide-band spectrogram (BW = 215.33 Hz, 75
points), (2) by drawing parabolas over an FFT plot, and (3) by employing LPC analysis.
In addition, bandwidth measurements of each resonance were documented using LPC
analysis. The parameters for the FFT and LPC analyses are given in (2):
(2) LPC and FFT parameters
a. LPC
Frame length: 20 ms
Filter order: 12
Pre-emphasis: 0.900
Analysis method: autocorrelation
Window weighting: blackman
b. FFT
Frame length: 512 points (46.44 ms) and 256 points (23.22 ms)
Pre-emphasis: 0.000
Window weighting: blackman
Smoothing level: none
Tables 8.3 and 8.4 show the average values for the first three formants and
bandwidths, respectively for each vowel.
Table 8.3: Formant averages. Units are Hertz; standard deviations are in parentheses
(Speaker K).
F1 F2 F3
E 272 (28.4) 1940 (32.0) 2845 (90.7)
A 345 (24.5) 1920 (74.8) 2687 (66.4)
270 (18.7) 1565 (181.7) 2222 (91.1)
367 (50.1) 1410 (88.9) 2375 (51.23)
= 682 (47.4) 1292 (126.5) 2335 (106.8)
K 270 (35.0) 897 (55.3) 2302 (77.0)
385 (37.4) 897 (79.4) 2494 (78.9)
547 (23.6) 965 (66.3) 2407 (153.7)
552 (58.6) 1372 (83.3) 2397 (145.1)
153