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— — = = = = v. take, get (one thing); give, put (one thing); place, set; catch (person or animal); hold; pick up. #1237, 1052, 1284, 1860, 1944, 1956. = = = = =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( v. choke. #1897. = = = = =M= =M= Variant: = = = = =M= =M= B B B B v. frighten, startle. #1419, 1444. = = = = @ @ @ @ = = = = v. carry on a pole. #1800. = = = = @ @ v. hang up. #1943. = = = = H H H H v. catch (object). #1803. = = = = B B B B v. offer, bring. #1257, 1797. = = = = C=(=B( C=(=B( C=(=B( C=(=B( v. raise. = = = = C=( C=( C=( C=( =M= M= v. apply (ointment), besmear. #0144. = = = = C=( C=( C=( C=( =( =( =( =( v. carry in arms. #1799. = = = = C=( C=( C=( C=( KK KK KK KK v. carry on head. #1801. = = = = C=(@H C=(@H C=(@H C=(@H v. put away. #1016. = = = = C=F=( C=F=( v. increase. #1945. = = = = C=F=( C=F=( LH LH LH LH v. carry (child) on back. #1802. = = = = C=J C=J C=J C=J v. put down. #1858. = = = = C=J C=J C=J C=J ( ( ( ( KK KK KK KK v. unload from head. #1886. = = = = C> C> C> C> v. carry a child. #1221. = = = = LH LH LH LH v. come on suddenly, take in the act. #1410. = = = = =5A =5A =5A =5A v. marry a wife. #1255. = = = = JK(>K JK(>K JK(>K JK(>K v. punish (loan from Lingala etumbu). #1263. = = = = M= M= M= M= J( J( J( J( v. hide (tr.). #1423. = = = = H H H H v. sell. #1143. = = = = (FA( (FA( (FA( (FA( v. stalk. #1064. = = = = K( K( K( K( v. bar (door). #1920. = = = = KJ(K KJ(K KJ(K KJ(K v. place crosswise. #1853. = = = = v. lean. #1837. = = = = 5( 5( 5( 5( v. support. #1283. = = = = C>=(@ C>=(@ C>=(@ C>=(@ v. rust. #1741. = = = = C C C C v. conquer, defeat. #1223. = = = = FJ( FJ( FJ( FJ( Variant: = = = = FJ( FJ( FJ( FJ( v. carry away. #1798. = = = = J=M( J=M( J=M( J=M( v. take from cooking fire. #0960. = = = = J=M=( J=M=( J=M=( J=M=( C=(J=M( C=(J=M( C=(J=M( C=(J=M( v. put a pot on the fire. #0954. = = = = J( J( J( J( v. boast, brag, praise oneself. #1328. = = = = J( J( J( J( C=(F=( C=(F=( v. increase. #1733. = = = = J( J( J( J( @( @( @( @( v. be eager. #1362. = = = = J@ J@ J@ J@ v. straighten. #1751. = = = = J5( J5( J5( J5( v. stumble. #1876. = = = = J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. knead, mould pottery. #0949, 1113. = = = = KK KK KK KK =M= =M= =M= =M= v. hire. #1137. = = = = M M v. throw away. #1915. == == == == n. anvil. #1079. =H= =H= =H= =H= n. far. #1780. =H= =H= =H= =H= 5 5 5 5 v. be barren (of land). #1631. =H= =H= =H= =H= I( I( I( I( v. spy. #1277. =J5K =J5K =J5K =J5K C=F=( C=F=( v. cover. #0945. 238
=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs. PRON. second person singular object pronoun. cf. . EMPH. indeed. (Kamanda 1998: 521, 720 defines this word as là-bas, following Cloarec-Heiss 1972: 58, 128). v. eat. #0171. =M=(@( =M=(@( =M=(@( =M=(@( CM=H CM=H CM=H CM=H v. eat first of new crops. #1231. =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= v. steal. #1279. @ @ @ @ =@H =@H =@H =@H v. bewitch. #1183. @ @ @ @ H=M H=M H=M H=M v. bewitch. #1183. J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( H H H H Morph: -J5( J5( J5(-( J5( ( (-H ( v. chew. #0156. ADV. smooth, flat. #1689. C C C C n. monitor lizard. #0441. J J J J v. cool off, become cold, decrease, pacify. #1719, 1720, 1954. J J J J ADJ. cold, peaceful. v. grill, roast, bake. #0955. = = = = J( J( J( J( v. embrace. #1232. =F =F =F =F v. blow away. #1923. K K K K Variant: K K K K F=(5 F=(5 F=(5 F=(5 Morph: K K-F=( K K F=( F=(-5 F=( 5 5 5 v. give birth to, loosen. #0147, 1949. K K K K =C= =C= =C= =C= v. give birth (animals). #0565. K K K K FH FH FH FH v. lay (eggs). #0568. K K K K J(@= J(@= J(@= J(@= v. be loose. #1665. K K K K J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( H H H H v. untie. #1023. K K K K K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( v. cross river. #1813. K K K K MAH MAH-MAH MAH MAH MAH MAH MAH v. be loose. #1665. KC>= KC>= KC>= KC>= ADJ. hidden. KHK KHK KHK KHK v. 1) delimit, stake out (a field), divide up. 2) step on, tread. 3) be slippery, be sticky. #1687, 1692, 1880. KHK KHK KHK KHK @=H=>A5= @=H=>A5= @=H=>A5= @=H=>A5= v. glide, slip. #1824, 1868. KHK( KHK( KHK( KHK( H H H H n. slipperiness. #1621. K(MK K(MK K(MK K(MK Variant: K(M= K(M= K(M= K(M= n. flour. #0891. K(MK K(MK K(MK K(MK C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= n. manioc flour. — — A A A A v. grovel. A A A A MKJK MKJK v. beg (for money). #1216. AH AH AH AH v. descend, go down. #1816. E E E E v. belch. #0149. EC>= EC>= EC>= EC>= v. grumble, roar. #1340, 1963. MK MK MK MK n. embers. #0925. v. wake up. #0198, 0199. K K K K v. burn. #1713. KCM= KCM= KCM= KCM= n. evil forest spirit. — — = = = = v. suck. = = = = PRON. first person plural inclusive pronoun: clitic form. cf. =( =(. =( =( 239
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
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Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294: Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296: This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298: D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300: 7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302: (4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
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Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
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Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
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McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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