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(FA (FA (FA (FA n. wind (weak). #0731. H=( H=( H=( H=( ADV. broken, crushed. (J (J (J (J H H H H n. splendor. #1622. (J (J (J (J ( ( ( ( H H H H n. namesake (lit: originate from name). #0355. (JH (JH (JH (JH n. gift. (J (J (J (J @=M @=M @=M @=M n. blacksmithing. #1206. (JKHK (JKHK (JKHK (JKHK J( J( J( J( n. movement. #1768. LK LK LK LK Variant: L , KLK KLK KLK KLK Morph: (?)- L n. stomach (organ). #0090. (M (M (M (M (5( (5( (5( (5( n. hot weather. #0745, 1616. (M (M (M (M J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( (( (( (( (( n. fever (not malaria). #0210. (MK (MK (MK (MK Variant: ( ( (MK ( MK B= B= n. breath. #0107. (MKH (MKH (MKH (MKH Morph: ( ( (-MK ( MK MK-H MK n. vision (supernatural apparition). #1180. (MKI(H (MKI(H (MKI(H (MKI(H Morph: ( ( (-MK ( MK MK-( MK ( (I( ( ( (-H ( n. knowledge. #1368. (MKJ= (MKJ= (MKJ= (MKJ= TIME. sunrise. #0778. (H (H (H (H Morph: ( ( (- ( -H n. food. #0892. (H (H (H (H =@= =@= =@= =@= n. evening meal. #1194. ( ( ( ( C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= Variant: ( ( ( ( @ C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= n. bread. #0883. (= (= (= (= IK IK IK IK n. nausea. #0221. E E E E v. be sharp. E E E E == = = = v. sharpen (as a knife). #1018. C C C C n. hamper, basket. #0810, 0916. C C C C MH MH MH MH n. round. #1597. J JJ J n. squirrel. #0459. v. cry, weep. #0167. B B B B v. pray. #1347. v. groan. #1338. =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( v. bark (as dog). #0560. CJ CJ CJ CJ v. crow (as a rooster). #0562. J( J( J( J( (I( (I( (I( (I( v. suffer. #1445. ADJ. heavy, serious, dull. #1589. H H H H n. load. #0822. @ @ @ @ n. garden, field, agriculture. #0669, 0963. HC>=@A HC>=@A HC>=@A HC>=@A n. 1) wasp. 2) quiver. #0527, 1046. == == == == ADJ. small. v. take, get (more than one thing); give, put (more than one thing); sprout; fight; bother. == == == == J( J( J( J( v. watch. #1450. @ @ @ @ (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( v. plunder (a town). #1261. H H H H =5A =5A =5A =5A v. give bridewealth. #1136. C=K(5K( C=K(5K( v. take out. #1989. C=(= C=(= C=(= C=(= (C>= (C>= (C>= (C>= v. store up. #1281. C=( C=( C=( C=( v. load. #1844. C=(F=( C=(F=( v. add. #1400. C=J C=J C=J C=J v. lower, unload. #1845, 1885. M M M M v. pay (for goods or services). #1140. CA@= CA@= CA@= CA@= v. pay (wages or fine). #1141. CM=H CM=H CM=H CM=H v. germinate. #0648. J J J J C=(@H C=(@H C=(@H C=(@H v. put side by side. #1438. 214
= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. illness, sickness, malady, evil spirit. #0216, 0242. = = = = n. malaria (fever). #0220. = = = = J= J= J= J= n. leprosy. #0219. = = = = IK IK IK IK n. heartburn. = = = = >== >== >== >== n. elephantiasis. #0208. @= @= @= @= n. knee. #0058. CM= CM= CM= CM= n. box. #0796. (C>= (C>= (C>= (C>= n. granary. #0896. (= (= (= (= n. penis. #0075. n. quiet, silent. #1674, 1685. ( ( ( ( Variant: ( ( (, ( J J( J J( (, ( J J( J J( ( ( FUNC. only. (=( (=( (=( (=( n. nest. #0555. (=(@ (=(@ (=(@ (=(@ H H H H n. hawk. #0427. A A A A n. iguana. #0431. >=( >=( >=( >=( n. guinea fowl. #0424. (>AA (>AA (>AA (>AA n. butterfly. #0502. A( A( A( A( Variant: ( ( ( ( n. vein. #0102. @=C= @=C= @=C= @=C= n. trouble. #1377. @= @= @= @= v. rule over. #1268. @= @= @= @= n. woven mat. #0824. C C C C n. crab. #0409. FK FK FK FK PN. September. (H(C>= (H(C>= (H(C>= (H(C>= n. pangolin (scaly anteater). #0447. 5A 5A 5A 5A Variant: IA IA IA IA n. war. #1208. J= J= J= J= n. 1) large river, sea. 2) pearl. #0704, 0710, 1066. (J( (J( (J( (J( Morph: (( ((-( (( (( ( (J( ( ( ( ( n. body. J J J J n. small hill. #0682. J( J( J( J( QUEST. how many, how much, how. #1495, 1496. (M= (M= (M= (M= n. baby sling. #0790. M M M M n. iron, metal, gold, iron ore, lead, money, large scale war. #0678, 0683, 0820. M M M M =A(@A =A(@A =A(@A =A(@A n. tin. #0849. = = = = n. fruit bat. #0399. v. harvest, reap, gather, weave (tissue). #0976, 1058, 1077. ( ( ( ( Variant: (( (( (( (( FUNC. all. #1489. cf. Kamanda (1998: 326). == == == == v. wink at. #0203. A( A( A( A( v. gather (fruit). #0973. J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( (5( (5( (5( (5( v. settle dispute. #1273. (@ (@ (@ (@ n. type of caterpillar. @( @( @( @( n. lizard. #0437. ( ( ( ( n. monkey. #0442. n. termite. #0524. H H H H J( J( J( J( v. jam. #1734. ( ( ( ( n. hippopotamus, rhinoceros. #0429, 0456. C@KHK C@KHK C@KHK C@KHK n. mantis, wasp. #0518, 0527. CJ CJ CJ CJ Morph: (?)-CJ CJ CJ CJ n. rooster (cock). #0493. (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( @=M @=M @=M @=M Morph: ( ( (-C> ( C> C> C> @=M @=M @=M @=M n. bellows. #1081. FK FK FK FK n. silk cotton tree, kapok. #0586. 215
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350:
Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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