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C C C C v. sprinkle (e.g. dust). #1980. G>K( >K( >K( >K( PN. The Gobu language and people. C( C( C( C( Variant: CA( CA( CA( CA( n. goiter, crop (bird). #0211, 0531. C@=( C@=( C@=( C@=( n. axe. #1028. CH CH CH CH v. touch. CHF= CHF= CHF= CHF= Morph: CH CH-=F= CH CH =F= =F=(?) =F= n. cave. #0659. CH=K( CH=K( CH=K( CH=K( Variant: CH CH-=K( CH CH =K( =K( =K( n. vagina. #0101. CHKK CHKK CHKK CHKK Morph: CH CH-KK CH CH KK KK KK Variant: CH CH CH CH KK KK KK KK n. anus. #0003. C(I=( C(I=( C(I=( C(I=( n. type of green, traditional Mono food. CJA CJA CJA CJA Variant: CJA CJA CJA CJA @ @ @ @ (@= (@= (@= (@= v. kneel. #1835. C C C C v. bend down. #1794. C C C C C=F=( C=F=( v. lean (become leaning). #1736. C C C C C= C=J C= J J J v. become bent. #1709. C C C C C=J5=(K@K( C=J5=(K@K( C=J5=(K@K( C=J5=(K@K( v. bow, bend. #1796. CH CH CH CH v. drive away, send away, chase. #1228, 1270, 1804. CH CH CH CH A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( 5 55 5 H H H H v. exorcise, drive out a devil. #1187. CK CK CK v. 1) be (existential, used in the negative). 2) return (back to where you started). 3) curse. 4) thatch. #1829. CK CK @==( @==( @==( v. say goodbye, take leave of. #1239. CK CK (I( (I( (I( (I( v. despise. #1413. CK CK C C C C v. move away, migrate. #1847. CK CK CK (5( (5( (5( (5( v. insult. #1343. CKC=J CKC=J CKC=J CKC=J Morph: CKC=J CKC=J CKC=J CKC=J n. prostitute. #0384. CK= CK= CK= CK= v. prepare, repair, fix. CK= CK= CK= CK= H H H H v. arrange. #1404. CK= CK= CK= CK= I( I( I( I( ==H ==H ==H ==H v. tend animals. #0986. CK= CK= CK= CK= I( I( I( I( H H H H v. store. #1016. CK= CK= CK= CK= J5=(@( J5=(@( J5=(@( J5=(@( v. fix, mend. #1108, 1112. CK= CK= CK= CK= v. flatten. #1937. CKHK CKHK v. fade. #1932. CK(HK(@=>=( CK(HK(@=>=( CK(HK(@=>=( CK(HK(@=>=( n. type of cat. #0467. CKIK CKIK n. grass (in general, all types), grassland, bush country. #0579, 0658, 0679. CKIK CKIK C==> C==> C==> C==> n. pipe-stem. #0827. CK= CK= CK= CK= n. mouse. #0443. CM= CM= CM= v. pack (a package), wrap up. #1011, 1999. — C> C> — C>= C>= v. 1) moisten, be wet, rot, wet, immerse. 2) push down on ground (like grass). #1703, 1996. C>=( C>=( n. perfect. #1672. C>= C>= @ @ @ @ K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( v. become wet. #1756. C>=(=>= C>=(=>= C>=(=>= C>=(=>= Morph: =(C>=( =(C>=(-=>= =(C>=( =>= =>= =>= ADV. purposeless, worthless, empty. #1502, 1645. C>=>K C>=>K n. giddiness. #1365. C>=(@= C>=(@= Morph: =(C>=( =(C>=(-=@= =(C>=( =@= =@= n. crippled (in the feet), lame. #0235, 0239. C>=@=LK C>=@=LK Morph: C>=@= C>=@=- C>=@= L n. fatness. #1576. C>=@ C>=@ C>=@ C>=@ n. grub. 206
C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK> CK> PN. May. C>=@=@= C>=@=@= C>=@=@= C>=@=@= n. parcel of land, fence. #0807. C>=@A(A C>=@A(A C>=@A(A C>=@A(A n. pineapple. #0615. C>=C= C>=C= C>=C= n. ground nut, peanut. #0602. C>=C C>=C C>=C C>=C n. tobacco pipe. #0851. C>=CKHK C>=CKHK n. proverb. #1309. C>=C>= C>=C>= C>=C>= n. camp (for travelers), cattle pen, courtyard, enclosure, farm (loan from Sango?). #0857, 0858, 0860, 0863, 0865. C>== C>== C>== C>== n. type of traditional dance. C>=(=( C>=(=( C>=(=( C>=(=( Morph: =(C>=( =(C>=(-= =(C>=( =(C>=( = =( =( ( ( n. crippled (in the arms). C>=@ C>=@ C>=@ C>=@ Morph: =C>= =C>=-@ =C>= @ @(?) @ n. cripple. #0278. C>=J C>=J C>=J C>=J Morph: =C>= =C>=-J =C>= J J J n. anthill. #0548. C>=(J C>=(J C>=(J C>=(J n. latrine, outhouse. C>==(= C>==(= C>==(= C>==(= n. drying rack. C>=(>= C>=(>= C>=(>= C>=(>= Morph: =C>= =C>=-(>= =C>= (>= (>= (>= n. rag. #0831. C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= Morph: =(C>=( =(C>=(-=@= =(C>=( =@= =@= =@= n. temporary shelter in field or forest, hut. #0816. C>=(@= C>=(@= C>=(@= C>=(@= n. net. #1043, 1045. C>=(@= C>=(@= C>=(@= C>=(@= =C=CK( =C=CK( =C=CK( =C=CK( n. fishing net. #1038. C>=(@=( C>=(@=( C>=(@=( C>=(@=( @=@H @=@H @=@H @=@H n. spider’s web. #0557. C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= LKHK LKHK n. whirlwind. C>=C=M C>=C=M C>=C=M C>=C=M n. gum disease. C>=C>=A( C>=C>=A( C>=C>=A( C>=C>=A( ADV. baldness. #0106, 0127. C>=H= C>=H= v. announce, preach. C>=H= C>=H= v. prophesy. #1348. C>=H=C= C>=H=C= n. falling trap. #1051. C>=H C>=H C>=H C>=H n. utensil, dish, furniture. #0939. C>=H C>=H C>=H C>=H n. bed. C>=( C>=( C>=( C>=( TIME. day after day after tomorrow. C>A C>A v. think, believe. C>A C>A @ @ @ @ v. look after, believe, need, remember, think. #1253, 1406, 1433, 1441, 1446. C>A C>A @ @ @ @ (>H (>H (>H (>H v. plan. #1436. C>A C>A J( J( J( J( v. want, desire. #1449. C>A C>A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. hope. C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( Morph: C>A C>A-J5 C>A J5 J5( J5( (-( ( ( ( ( n. hope, oath, idea, thought. #1306, 1366. C> C> C> C> ADV. the sound that a drum makes when it is hit. C>C> C>C> C>C> C>C> n. mat. #0824. C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K ADJ. dried. C> C> C> C> n. child. #0257, 0368. C> C> C> C> =5A =5A =5A =5A n. boy, young man, son. #0256, 0312, 0366. C> C> C> C> =5A =5A =5A =5A n. girl, young woman. #0263, 0313. C>C( C>C( C>C( C>C( n. zombie. C>H C>H C>H C>H v. grow (plural). C>(H( C>(H( C>(H( C>(H( ADJ. holy. C>J= C>J= C>J= C>J= Variant: C>J C>J C>J C>J v. 1) pull. 2) drag. 3) record. #1818, 1854. C>J= C>J= C>J= C>J= =M=(JAH =M=(JAH =M=(JAH =M=(JAH v. take out (honey from hive). #0985. C>J= C>J= C>J= C>J= H H H H v. take away. #1286. C>J= C>J= C>J= C>J= ( ( ( ( v. pull out. #1855. 207
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302:
(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
Page 321 and 322:
Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328:
Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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