the university of chicago the phonology and ... - SIL International

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 6.1: Mono pronouns. citation form subject object associative A5A J5 J5 J5 J5 5A 5A A A A A ( ( ( H (J( (J( (J( (J( J( J( J( J( H == == == = = = = = = = = = = = = =( =( =( = = = = =( =( =( =( ==( ==( ==( ==( AA AA AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A A@A 1SG 2SG 3SG.AN A5A 3SG.INAN ( 1PL.EXCL == 1PL.INCL =( 2PL AA 3PL A@A The citation form of each pronoun is an augmented version of the object pronoun form, following the rules of SRA discussed above. Since =( =( =( =( ‘1PL.INCL’ and A@A A@A A@A 85 A@A ‘3PL’ are already bisyllabic in their reduced form, augmentation of these forms does not take place. The reduced forms of the Mono pronouns are the default forms used in Mono discourse, in contrast to nouns where the augmented form is the default. The citation form of the pronouns is employed in a limited set of constructions in addition to isolation. These include predicate nominal constructions, both proper inclusion (11a) and equative (11b) clauses, cleft sentences (11c), and appositional noun phrases (11d) and (11e): (11) Constructions in which the citation form of pronouns is employed a. @( @( @( @( 2SG COP Mono ‘You are a Mono.’ b. A5A A5A @(@( @(@( @(@( @(@( =>=( =>=( AA AA AA AA 3SG RED-COP father 1SG NEG ‘He is not my father.’ c. @=( @=( I I I I ( ( ( ( J5 J5 J5 J5 1SG CLEFT be INF-hit song ‘I’m the one that sang the song.’ d. =( =( =( =( @ @ @ @ = = = = I( I( I( I( @ @ @ @ 1PL.INCL with 1SG 1PL.INCL ‘You and me, we have a problem.’ be with word e. ( ( ( ( I I I I =(( =(( =(( =(( CKIK CKIK 1SG 1SG:FUT be:FUT at-in bush ‘And me, I’ll be in the bush.’
One question which arises is whether the glottal stop in the words == == == 86 == ‘1PL.EXCL’, AA AA AA AA ‘2PL’ and ‘word’ is epenthetic. As we will see in the next section, there is some evidence that a root-initial glottal stop in Mono verbs is epenthetic, and perhaps such an analysis is appropriate for these nominal forms as well. The advantage to such an analysis would be the existence of an underlying /V/ word shape for nouns, which is otherwise unattested. I discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this in Section 2.1.4. Note, however, that the number of lexical items at issue here is limited to three. There is one additional form in Mono which appears to undergo SRA. This concerns the interrogative pronoun AA AA AA AA ‘who’. This word is formally similar to the interrogative pronoun C=A C=A C=A C=A ‘what’. One possible analysis of this latter word is that it contains the prefix C= C= C= C= ‘towards’, although the meaning of the prefix is bleached, and the root /A A A/. A If this is the case, then the form meaning ‘who’ could be considered to consist of the same root having undergone SRA. 6.2 Verbal word shapes Verbs in Mono take the infinitive prefix (H tone on prefix, L tone on vowels of the root) when spoken in isolation. Consequently, all of the attested verbal word patterns begin with a consonant: (12) Word shapes of Mono verbs CVCV ( ( ( ( ‘to attach, bind’ (CK (CK (CK (CK ‘to return’ CVCVCV (= (= (= (= ‘to boil over’ (@== (@== (@== (@== ‘to borrow’ CVCVCVCV (F=C=J= (F=C=J= (F=C=J= (F=C=J= ‘to forbid’ Note, however, that there is no contrast between the presence or absence of in the initial position of the root. It is conceivable that roots beginning with could be interpreted as having an initial vowel, and that is epenthesized by rule. Such an interpretation would give us both C-initial and V-initial verb root patterns, more in line
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
Page 7 and 8:
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
Page 9 and 10:
Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
Page 11 and 12:
ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
Page 13 and 14:
This dissertation is dedicated to t
Page 15 and 16:
There are several languages in the
Page 17 and 18:
The Bubanda region is located to th
Page 19 and 20:
convincing. More will be said about
Page 21 and 22:
Her phonological analysis consists
Page 23 and 24:
study informing the internal classi
Page 25 and 26:
men hunt small game, but large game
Page 27 and 28:
third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
Page 29 and 30:
of Lingala is reduced, both for men
Page 31 and 32:
language. Also, code switching is n
Page 33 and 34:
Finally, several documents dealing
Page 35 and 36:
with the contrast between sounds, a
Page 37 and 38:
CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
Page 39 and 40:
4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
Page 41 and 42:
Mono consonants share several trait
Page 43 and 44:
Despite the fact that the labial fl
Page 45 and 46:
The data in (1) show sample contras
Page 47 and 48: However, contrasts are readily atte
Page 49 and 50: case of the pronouns. If the pronou
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
Page 53 and 54: If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
Page 55 and 56: The data in (19) show sample contra
Page 57 and 58: = Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
Page 61 and 62: (3) Tautomorphemic words containing
Page 63 and 64: 3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
Page 65 and 66: (13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
Page 67 and 68: Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
Page 71 and 72: tongue position in addition to a pr
Page 73 and 74: However, this is not what we find.
Page 75 and 76: 4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
Page 77 and 78: each vowel in the sequence. She con
Page 79 and 80: consonant to be lower in sonority t
Page 81 and 82: entire word as its domain, which wo
Page 83 and 84: phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
Page 85 and 86: is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
Page 87 and 88: . Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
Page 89 and 90: this is that these words bear stres
Page 91 and 92: Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
Page 93 and 94: (3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
Page 95 and 96: the words, ‘far’, F F F F
Page 97: The adjective == == == == ‘small
Page 101 and 102: 1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
Page 103 and 104: In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
Page 105 and 106: contains several morphemes are term
Page 107 and 108: (2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
Page 109 and 110: Second, certain adjectives are lexi
Page 111 and 112: Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
Page 113 and 114: (13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
Page 115 and 116: element begins with a vowel, vowel
Page 117 and 118: Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
Page 119 and 120: 121) considers this to be an unprod
Page 121 and 122: document clearly the formal propert
Page 123 and 124: Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
Page 125 and 126: (31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
Page 127 and 128: There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
Page 129 and 130: 7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
Page 131 and 132: (45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
Page 133 and 134: (49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
Page 135 and 136: which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
Page 139 and 140: This chapter consists of four parts
Page 141 and 142: Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 145 and 146: languages on one hand (Degema and t
Page 147 and 148: Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 151 and 152:
oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
Page 153 and 154:
In the tokens I examined, then, I f
Page 155 and 156:
ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162:
formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168:
Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172:
Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174:
start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176:
Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178:
presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180:
Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182:
Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184:
transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186:
linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188:
The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190:
APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192:
( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194:
20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196:
33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198:
( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200:
( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202:
( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204:
( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206:
9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208:
Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210:
=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212:
== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214:
(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216:
@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218:
A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220:
C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222:
C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224:
ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226:
=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228:
=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230:
= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232:
F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234:
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236:
H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238:
— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240:
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242:
(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244:
I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246:
J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248:
— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250:
KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252:
M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254:
=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256:
APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258:
changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260:
Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262:
original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264:
Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266:
C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268:
Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270:
Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272:
Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274:
is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276:
The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278:
difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280:
published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282:
languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284:
sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286:
in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288:
approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290:
The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292:
One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294:
Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296:
This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298:
D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300:
7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302:
(4) Contrast with other labial soun
Page 303 and 304:
(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
Page 305 and 306:
which are shown in (11). Third, the
Page 307 and 308:
distribution of the labial flap bea
Page 309 and 310:
In addition, we provide evidence co
Page 311 and 312:
South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
Page 313 and 314:
the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
Page 315 and 316:
ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
Page 317 and 318:
words are found in those subgroups.
Page 319 and 320:
‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
Page 321 and 322:
Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
Page 323 and 324:
the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328:
Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 329 and 330:
Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 331 and 332:
(23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 333 and 334:
(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336:
MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340:
Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342:
Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344:
Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346:
Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348:
Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350:
Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356:
Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358:
Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366:
Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368:
Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
show all

the university of chicago the phonology and ... - SIL International

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?