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(39) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( SS be:NF small ‘It is small.’ b. ( ( ( ( I(I( I(I( I(I( I(I( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( AA AA AA AA SS RED:NF-be:NF small NEG ‘It is not small.’ c. *( ( ( ( CK(CK( CK(CK( CK(CK( CK(CK( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( AA AA AA AA SS RED:NF-be(neg):NF small NEG (unattested) Predicate locatives. In a locative clause, the verb is followed by a prepositional phrase. Either I I I I or CK CK may be employed in the negative, but there is no reduplication. (40) a. J5 J5 J5 J5 I( I( I( I( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( 3SG be:NF at-chez 1SG ‘He/she is at my place.’ b. J5 J5 J5 J5 I( I( I( I( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( AA AA AA AA 3SG be:NF at-chez 1SG ‘He/she is not at my place.’ NEG c. J5 J5 J5 J5 CK( CK( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( AA AA AA AA 3SG be(neg):NF at-chez 1SG NEG ‘He/she is not at my place.’ d. J5( J5( J5( J5( I I I I =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( 3SG:FUT be:FUT at-chez 1SG tomorrow ‘He/she will be at my place tomorrow.’ e. J5( J5( J5( J5( I I I I =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( AA AA AA AA 3SG:FUT be:FUT at-chez 1SG tomorrow NEG ‘He/she will not be at my place tomorrow.’ f. J5( J5( J5( J5( CK CK =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( AA AA AA AA 3SG:FUT be(neg):FUT at-chez 1SG tomorrow NEG ‘He/she will not be at my place tomorrow.’ Motion verbs express a locative goal in a similar manner, but they are reduplicated in the negative. (41) a. J5 J5 J5 J5 =( =( =( =( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( 3SG come:NF at-chez 1SG ‘He/she came to my place.’ b. J5 J5 J5 J5 =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( AA AA AA AA 3SG RED:NF-come:NF at-chez 1SG NEG ‘He/she did not come to my place.’ 115
7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most prepositions and locative adverbs in Mono are morphologically complex. There is a closed set of prefixes which may attach to a base element to make the meaning of the base more precise (cf. Cloarec-Heiss 1986: 272; Kamanda 1998: 522). The prefixes are: • =( =( =( =( ‘at’. This prefix implies no movement with respect to a designated location. 116 • C= C= C= C= ~ C=( C=( C=( C=( ‘to’. This prefix indicates movement towards a designated location. The value of the tone depends on the following tone. If the following syllable bears a High tone, then the tone on C= C=- C= is Low. If the following syllable bears a Low or Mid tone, then the tone on C= C=- C= is High. Cases of tonal polarity are common in two-tone systems, but cases in three-tone systems have not been discussed much in the literature. Our language resource persons noted that in most cases either tone could appear in a given context. However, in actual speech, the tonal polarity phenomenon was observed. • F( F( F( F( ‘just in’. This prefix indicates a precise place or time. • J5( J5( J5( J5( J5=( J5=( J5=( J5=( ‘at/place’. The meaning of these forms is unclear. Our language resource persons indicated that these two forms have slightly different meanings, but they couldn’t specify the difference. Teasing out the exact meaning of the prefixes is difficult, so more research is needed to make more precise the definitions given above. These prefixes may attach to several different types of bases. First, they may attach to prepositions, as in (42), to create a complex preposition. More than one prefix may be attached to a given base (42e). In addition, the base may appear in isolation (42f), but the prefix may not. (42) a. >=C >=C >=C >=C =( =( =( =( =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( >== >== >== >== turtle go:NF at-chez elephant ‘The turtle went to the elephant’s home.’ b. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (= C=( C=( C=( C=( @ @ @ @ 1SG be INF-go to-in field ‘I’m going to the field.’ c. = = = = J5=@= J5=@= J5=@= J5=@= ( ( ( ( C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K @=(>= @=(>= @=(>= @=(>= take:IMP pencil of 2SG to-in.front.of table ‘Put your pencil in front of the table.’
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
Page 77 and 78: each vowel in the sequence. She con
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Page 81 and 82: entire word as its domain, which wo
Page 83 and 84: phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
Page 85 and 86: is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
Page 87 and 88: . Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
Page 89 and 90: this is that these words bear stres
Page 91 and 92: Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
Page 93 and 94: (3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
Page 95 and 96: the words, ‘far’, F F F F
Page 97 and 98: The adjective == == == == ‘small
Page 99 and 100: One question which arises is whethe
Page 101 and 102: 1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
Page 103 and 104: In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
Page 105 and 106: contains several morphemes are term
Page 107 and 108: (2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
Page 109 and 110: Second, certain adjectives are lexi
Page 111 and 112: Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
Page 113 and 114: (13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
Page 115 and 116: element begins with a vowel, vowel
Page 117 and 118: Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
Page 119 and 120: 121) considers this to be an unprod
Page 121 and 122: document clearly the formal propert
Page 123 and 124: Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
Page 125 and 126: (31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
Page 127: There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
Page 131 and 132: (45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
Page 133 and 134: (49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
Page 135 and 136: which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
Page 139 and 140: This chapter consists of four parts
Page 141 and 142: Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 145 and 146: languages on one hand (Degema and t
Page 147 and 148: Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
Page 149 and 150: Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 151 and 152: oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
Page 153 and 154: In the tokens I examined, then, I f
Page 155 and 156: ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
Page 159 and 160: labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162: formant transitions at the release
Page 165 and 166: (1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
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Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
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Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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