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Flap sentence (3) File labfl5_11025.wav (Speaker K) (4) =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( @ @ @ @ == == == == M=( M=( = ( ( ( ( M=H= M=H= =M=( =M=(K( =M=( K( ( ( ( ( A A A A =( =( M=(H= M=(H= @ @ @ @ =MA(JJ =MA(JJ =MA(JJ =MA(JJ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( CCK( C K( =( =( =( =( M J J J J J( ( ( ( =M= =M= =M= =M= (NB: We did not obtain a free translation of this sentence.) Labial-velar stops (5) Files lvstp1_11025.wav (Speaker A) lvstp2_11025.wav (Speaker A) lvstp3_11025.wav (Speaker A) lvstp4_11025.wav (Speaker K) lvstp5_11025.wav (Speaker K) (6) I(C>= I(C>= I(C>= I(C>= ‘flesh’ C>= C>= C>= C>= ‘bone’ J5=(C>K(HK( J5=(C>K(HK( KK KK KK KK ‘top of head’ C> C> C> C> ‘child’ C>C( C>C( C>C( C>C( ‘shin’ C>=C>=A( C>=C>=A( C>=C>=A( C>=C>=A( ‘baldness’ =C>= =C>= =C>= ‘tuft’ ( (C> ( ( C> C> C> ‘to harden’ C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K ‘elder’ =C>L =C>L =C>L =C>L ‘pimple’ C>=@= C>=@= ‘crippled, be’ =C>(K =C>(K =C>(K =C>(K ‘old person’ C>(H C>(H C>(H C>(H ‘old person’ F F F F ‘puff adder’ FF FF FF FF ‘vulture’ C>C C>C C>C C>C ‘warthog’ @(((C>= (((C>= (((C>= (((C>= ‘scorpion’ (#0521) C>=J C>=J C>=J C>=J ‘anthill’ (#0548) (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( ‘banana’ (#0592) C>=C= C>=C= ‘groundnut’ =C>=H= =C>=H= =C>=H= ‘bridge’ (#0655) CH CHF= CH CHF= F= F= ‘cave’ (#0659) 5 5 5 5 =@KC>KC>K =@KC>KC>K =@KC>KC>K =@KC>KC>K ‘erosion’ (#0714) C>K(CK( C>K(CK( C>K(CK( C>K(CK( ‘dry season’ KCK( KCK( KCK( KCK( FFF FFF FFF FFF ‘hard wind’ (#0743) K(FK(K( K(FK(K( K(FK(K( K(FK(K( ‘heap’ (#0814) C>=@A C>=@A C>=@A C>=@A ‘pocket’ (#0829) C>=C>= C>=C>= ‘camp, pen, compound’ (#0857) C>=H C>=H C>=H C>=H ‘utensil’ (#0939) =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= ‘theft’ 314
Implosives and labialization (7) Files implo1_11025.wav (Speaker A) implo2_11025.wav (Speaker A) implo3_11025.wav (Speaker A) implo4_11025.wav (Speaker K) implo5_11025.wav (Speaker K) (8) ( ( ( ( ‘to hit’ ( ( ( ( ‘monkey’ C== C== C== C== ‘snail’ ==M ==M ==M ==M ‘flame’ (#0671) =(> =(> =(> =(> = = = = ‘day after tomorrow’ (#0765) =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( =(>=J5=( ‘tomorrow’ C=A C=A C=A C=A ‘what’ = = = = ‘hammer’ (#1086) (C (C (C (C K= K= K= K= ‘pay (debt)’ (#1139) A A A A ‘who’ =J= =J= =J= =J= ‘where’ =( =(( =( =(( ( ( ‘inside’ (#1481) =(5K( =(5K( =(5K( =(5K( ‘outside’ (#1484) @KK(HKK( @KK(HKK( @KK(HKK( @KK(HKK( ‘blunt, be’ (#1634) =(C(H( =(C(H( =(C(H( =(C(H( ‘throat’ =M= =M= =M= =M= ‘work’ M=(M=( M=(M=( M=(M=( M=(M=( ‘grasshopper’ CM=H CM=H CM=H CM=H ‘seed’ (CM (CM (CM= (CM ‘pack’ (#1011) C>(M=(M=( C>(M=(M=( C>(M=(M=( C>(M=(M=( ‘hard, be’ (#1657) =CM= =CM= =CM= =CM= ‘seed’ =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( ‘type of bean’ Miscellaneous phrases (a) (9) File misc1a_11025.wav (Speaker K) (10) Labial flap J( J( J( J( MA(CAMA(CA MA(CAMA(CA MA(CAMA(CA MA(CAMA(CA ‘It’s hot out.’ I( I( I( I( ( (= ( ( M ‘I’m throwing out something.’ (one thing, e.g. a piece of paper) (11) Enya =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK II( I I( ( ( ( ( ( ( J( ( ( ( ‘It's raining.’ =( =( ( ( ( ( ‘I'm having patience.’ (12) = → A in =K =K =K =K =K =K =K =K II( I I( ( ( (@ (@A (@ (@ A C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= C=H=C= ‘The bird is pecking manioc.’ 315
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286: in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294: Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296: This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298: D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300: 7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302: (4) Contrast with other labial soun
Page 303 and 304: (7) Sample lexical items in Karang
Page 305 and 306: which are shown in (11). Third, the
Page 307 and 308: distribution of the labial flap bea
Page 309 and 310: In addition, we provide evidence co
Page 311 and 312: South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
Page 313 and 314: the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
Page 315 and 316: ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
Page 317 and 318: words are found in those subgroups.
Page 319 and 320: ‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
Page 321 and 322: Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
Page 323 and 324: the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326: Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327: Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 331 and 332: (23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 333 and 334: (36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336: MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340: Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346: Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348: Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350: Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354: Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356: Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358: Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360: Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366: Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368: Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370: REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372: Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374: Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378: International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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