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(27) Leftward vowel spreading I( I( I( I( (L (L (L (L F FF F ‘I’m dancing.’ I( I( I( I( ( ( ( ( . ‘I’m crying.’ I( I( I( I( ( (K ( ( K K. K ‘I’m burning.’ I( I( I( I( (@ (@A. (@ (@ ‘I’m chopping.’ I( I( I( I( ( ( ( ( L=A L=A. L=A L=A ‘I’m gathering stuff to throw away.’ I( I( I( I( ( (= ( ( =(=( =(=(. =(=( =(=( ‘I’m traveling.’ I( I( I( I( ( (J ( ( J J J @=M @=M. @=M @=M ‘I’m forging.’ I( I( I( I( (M (M=. (M (M ‘I’m cutting.’ I( I( I( I( ( (= ( ( = = = J( ( (. ( ‘I’m resting.’ I( I( I( I( ( (M= ( ( M= M=. M= ‘I’m returning.’ I( I( I( I( (C (C= (C (C = M=H M=H. M=H M=H ‘I’m stirring manioc.’ ( ( ( ( HH HH =(J= =(J= =(J= =(J= ‘Where are you going?’ I( I( I( I( (M (MKI (M (MKI KI( KI( (. ( ‘I’m understanding.’ (28) Vowel hiatus = = @ @ @ @ (J5( (J5( (J5( (J5( . ‘Go well.’ CCK( C K( A( A(. A( A( ‘I’ve returned.’ > >=(= > =(= =(= =(= =J= =J=. =J= ‘I greet you, also.’ F=(K( F=(K( F=(K( F=(K( =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( . ‘I planted more again.’ Proverbs (29) Files prov1_11025.wav (Speaker A) prov2_11025.wav (Speaker K) (30) See Appendix A Mono vowels in isolation (31) File vowel1_11025.wav (Speakers A & K) (32) E E = = K K A A Mono consonants in aCa frame (33) Files cons1_11025.wav (Speaker A) cons2_11025.wav (Speaker K) (34) =F= =F= =>= =>= =>= =>= =>= =>= =>= =J= =J= =@= =@= =@= =@= =@= =@= == == == == =C= =C= =C= =C= =C= =C= =F= =F= =F= =F= =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= == == == == == == == == =B= =B= =L= =L= == == == == =H= =H= =M= =M= == == == == == == == == =J5= =J5= =J5= =@= =@= =@= =@= =@= =@= =@= =@= == == == == == == == == =I= =I= == == == == =5= =5= = == = = = = =M= =M= =D= =D= Labial contrasts (35) File labcont1_11025.wav (Speakers A & K) 318
(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J= =(J= ‘where’ >== == == == ‘plus tard’ >== >== >== >== ‘elephant’ B= ‘cook’ L= ‘pour’ = ‘show’ =J= =J= =J= =J= ‘comme’ M>== >== >== >== >=C >=C >=C >=C ( (@ ( ( ( ( ( ( (37) Files mbkown1_11025.wav mbkown1_11025.wav mbkrd1_11025.wav mbkrd2_11025.wav mbkrd3_11025.wav random1a_11025.wav random1b_11025.wav random1c_11025.wav random1d_11025.wav random2a_11025.wav random2b_11025.wav random2c_11025.wav random2d_11025.wav (38) See Appendix A a. Own words. Speakers A and K said story in their own words. b. Paragraph format. Speakers A and K read story. a. Sentence by sentence format. Speakers A and K were presented these in a nonscientifically randomized order. The order was the same for each of them. 200-item word list (39) Files 001.wav (Speaker M) 026.wav (Speaker M) 051.wav (Speaker M) 076.wav (Speaker M) 101.wav (Speaker M) 126.wav (Speaker M) 151.wav (Speaker M) 176.wav (Speaker M) 201.wav (Speaker M) (40) See Appendix in Olson (1996) 319
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
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Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294: Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296: This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298: D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300: 7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302: (4) Contrast with other labial soun
Page 303 and 304: (7) Sample lexical items in Karang
Page 305 and 306: which are shown in (11). Third, the
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Page 309 and 310: In addition, we provide evidence co
Page 311 and 312: South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
Page 313 and 314: the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
Page 315 and 316: ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
Page 317 and 318: words are found in those subgroups.
Page 319 and 320: ‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
Page 321 and 322: Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
Page 323 and 324: the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326: Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328: Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 329 and 330: Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 331: (23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 335 and 336: MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340: Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346: Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348: Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350: Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354: Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356: Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358: Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360: Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366: Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368: Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370: REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372: Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374: Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378: International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380: McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382: Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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