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Third, syllables containing phonetically long vowels (CV) are attested in Mono, e.g. @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K ‘five’. These syllables always occur in conjunction with contour tones, which are analyzed as sequences of non-identical level tones. 4 In Chapter 3, I give evidence for considering length to be non-contrastive in Mono. As a result, I interpret CV syllables as variants of CV syllables and thus an additional syllable pattern does not need to be posited for Mono to account for them. Finally, the syllable type CLV (L = liquid) is an optional variant of the two- syllable combination CV1LV1, in which the two vowels are identical in quality and in tone. In careful speech, CV1LV1 is produced, but in casual speech the first vowel is shortened or it is completely elided. For example, the word =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( ‘bait’ is also pronounced =(>=('=( =(>=('=( =(>=('=( =(>=('=( or =(>=( =(>=(. =(>=( =(>=( Words exhibiting this phenomenon include nouns (e.g. C=BKHK C=BKHK ‘mortar’), verbs (e.g. (>H (>H (>H (>H ‘to cut’) and adjectives (e.g. =(=(H=( =(=(H=( =(=(H=( =(=(H=( ‘small (pl.)’). Obstruents and semi-vowels are attested in the first position of the pattern, but liquids and nasals are not. (The word =KK =KK =KK =KK ‘cold weather’ is attested, but it is not clear that the first K can be elided in this case.) Example (1) shows the consonants which can occur in this pattern. Note that if the first vowel is e or i, the second vowel is or , respectively. (1) Sample words with CV1LV1 pattern a. Labial > ⎯ F FA(A(K FA(A(K FA(A(K FA(A(K ‘bat’ FH FH FH FH ‘egg’ > =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( ‘hello’ =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK ‘goat’ > =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( ‘bait’ > > > > H HH H K K K K ‘pale color’ B BKHKJ5= BKHKJ5= BKHKJ5= ‘soap’ L =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK ‘rain’ ⎯ M =(C>( =(C>( =(C>( =(C>( >KM >KM ‘type of banana’ =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( ‘fierceness’ 4 See Section 3.1 for a discussion of optional exceptions to this. 73
. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H= ‘age-mate’ @ =@== =@== =@== =@== ‘dusk’ >=@H >=@H >=@H >=@H ‘sweet potato’ @ =@H =@H =@H =@H ‘witchcraft’ I F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK ‘slipperiness’ (H (H (H (H ‘food’ ⎯ =KK =KK =KK =KK ‘cold weather’ H ⎯ c. Palatal J5 J5AJ5AH J5AJ5AH J5AJ5AH J5AJ5AH ‘insect’ @ K@KHK K@KHK K@KHK K@KHK ‘waterfalls’ @ @=H=F=(@= @=H=F=(@= @=H=F=(@= @=H=F=(@= ‘ladder, scaffolding’ 5 5 55 5 H H H H ‘shadow’ H H H H ‘fat’ ⎯ ==MK ==MK ==MK ==MK ‘grinding stone’ A(A(H( A(A(H( A(A(H( A(A(H( ‘yellow’ d. Velar @(((C>= @(((C>= @(((C>= @(((C>= ‘scorpion’ H H H H ‘chest, torso’ C >=(C=H= >=(C=H= ‘cow’ C =(C== =(C== =(C== =(C== ‘ladder’ =C=H= =C=H= =C=H= =C=H= ‘single person’ e. Labial-velar F =F== =F== =F== =F== (5( (5( (5( (5( ‘platform’ F=H== F=H== F=H== F=H== ‘July’ C> J5=(C> J5=(C> J5=(C> J5=(C> ‘smallness’ =C>=(H=( =C>=(H=( =C>=(H=( ‘comb’ C> FC> FC> FC> FC> ‘plank’ K(C>K(HK( K(C>K(HK( K(C>K(HK( K(C>K(HK( ‘old’ M (MKH (MKH (MKH (MKH ‘vision’ f. Glottal A(A(A( A(A(A( A(A(A( A(A(A( ‘grudge holding’ H H H H ‘name’ D =D=H= =D=H= ‘dry’ g. With labialization or palatalization M =M=H= =M=H= =M=H= =M=H= ‘arrowhead’ =(=(H=( =(=(H=( =(=(H=( =(=(H=( ‘small (pl.)’ If CV1LV1 comprises the entire word, then elision of the first vowel is not attested. For example, @H @H @H @H ‘partridge’ is attested, but *@H @H @H @H is ill-formed. This is due to a 74
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
Page 35 and 36: with the contrast between sounds, a
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
Page 39 and 40: 4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
Page 41 and 42: Mono consonants share several trait
Page 43 and 44: Despite the fact that the labial fl
Page 45 and 46: The data in (1) show sample contras
Page 47 and 48: However, contrasts are readily atte
Page 49 and 50: case of the pronouns. If the pronou
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
Page 53 and 54: If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
Page 55 and 56: The data in (19) show sample contra
Page 57 and 58: = Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
Page 61 and 62: (3) Tautomorphemic words containing
Page 63 and 64: 3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
Page 65 and 66: (13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
Page 67 and 68: Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
Page 71 and 72: tongue position in addition to a pr
Page 73 and 74: However, this is not what we find.
Page 75 and 76: 4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
Page 77 and 78: each vowel in the sequence. She con
Page 79 and 80: consonant to be lower in sonority t
Page 81 and 82: entire word as its domain, which wo
Page 83 and 84: phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
Page 85: is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
Page 89 and 90: this is that these words bear stres
Page 91 and 92: Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
Page 93 and 94: (3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
Page 95 and 96: the words, ‘far’, F F F F
Page 97 and 98: The adjective == == == == ‘small
Page 99 and 100: One question which arises is whethe
Page 101 and 102: 1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
Page 103 and 104: In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
Page 105 and 106: contains several morphemes are term
Page 107 and 108: (2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
Page 109 and 110: Second, certain adjectives are lexi
Page 111 and 112: Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
Page 113 and 114: (13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
Page 115 and 116: element begins with a vowel, vowel
Page 117 and 118: Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
Page 119 and 120: 121) considers this to be an unprod
Page 121 and 122: document clearly the formal propert
Page 123 and 124: Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
Page 125 and 126: (31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
Page 127 and 128: There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
Page 129 and 130: 7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
Page 131 and 132: (45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
Page 133 and 134: (49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
Page 135 and 136: which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
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Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
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Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
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McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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