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FA(A(K FA(A(K FA(A(K FA(A(K n. bat. #0397. FAJA FAJA ADV. full. #1653. FAM FAM FAM FAM v. wither. #1757. FE FE v. stick. #1985. FCM FCM FCM FCM ADV. suddenly. F@(@ F@(@ F@(@ F@(@ n. narrow. #1596. FHCJ FHCJ FHCJ FHCJ =@= =@= Morph: FH FH-CJ FH FH CJ CJ CJ n. ankle. #0002. F(I F(I F(I F(I n. week (loan from Lingala póso). F F F F C=J( C=J( C=J( C=J( v. press. #1908. FJK( FJK( FJK( FJK( ADV. sharp. #1683. FK FK v. 1) shake hands. 2) squeeze out. #1982. — H — H=@= H=@= Variant: H=@= H=@= H=@= H=@= Morph: H-=@= =@= =@= n. shoe. #0840. H=(M=( H=(M=( n. yell. H=M H=M H=M H=M n. bad spirit, witchcraft. #1181. H=( H=( H=( H=( v. crush. HE HE HE v. jump. H H H H v. 1) pass, go, overtake. 2) gather. #1850, 1851. H H H H C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K v. continue, resume. #1717. H H H H @ @ @ @ v. go straight, steer. #1832. H H H H F=( F=( v. surpass, dominate, overcome. #1258, 1877. H H H H F=( F=( v. abound. #1625. H@(C= H@(C= H@(C= H@(C= n. last child. HC HC HC HC Morph: H-C C C C n. food. H(C( H(C( H(C( H(C( ADV. shriveled, wrinkled. #1684. HK HK v. 1) go out, be extinguished. 2) put out, extinguish, quench. 3) fly. #0564, 1960. HK HK H H H H v. be patient, take courage. HK HK M M M M v. be extinguished. #1647. HK HK J=(=J=(= J=(=J=(= J=(=J=(= J=(=J=(= v. float. #1938. — I — I= I= v. leak, filter, drip, trickle. #0947, 1931, 1947, 1993. I== I== I== I== v. spread out to dry, sprawl. #1871, 1978. I=@KK I=@KK I=@KK I=@KK n. trunk (loan from Lingala sandúku, originally from Arabic). I=C=(FA( I=C=(FA( I=C=(FA( I=C=(FA( Variant: IC=(FA( IC=(FA( IC=(FA( IC=(FA( n. worm (earthworm). #0528. I=H= I=H= KK KK KK KK v. comb. #0163. I=(H=(>= I=(H=(>= n. wild duck. #0413. I= I=H=FA= I= H=FA= H=FA= H=FA= H H H H Variant: I=H=F= I=H=F= I=H=F= I=H=F= H n. slipperiness. #1621. I I I I v. be (existential), dwell. #1230. I I I I =( =( =( =( v. be at. #1792. I I I I =J= =J= =J= =J= =C= =C= =C= =C= v. be fierce. #1650. I I I I @ @ @ @ v. have. #1731. I I I I @ @ @ @ =M= =M= v. be afraid, be startled. #1380, 1394. I I I I @ @ @ @ =(M=( =(M=( v. have diarrhea. #0246. 228
I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( v. slander. #1352. I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( IK IK IK IK v. slander. #1352. I I I I @ @ @ @ C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( C>AJ5(( v. be restless, unsettled. #1391. I I I I @ @ @ @ C>C>( C>C>( C>C>( C>C>( v. be courageous, be able. #1384, 1624. I I I I @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ v. conceive, become pregnant (when the fetus is small). #0164. I I I I @ @ @ @ =C= =C= =C= =C= v. be joyful, be happy, be pleased, rejoice. #1386, 1389, 1440. I I I I @ @ @ @ = = = = v. be ill. #0248. I I I I @ @ @ @ K(MKI(H K(MKI(H K(MKI(H K(MKI(H v. be intelligent. #1387. I I I I @ @ @ @ @( @( @( @( v. be proud. #1390. I I I I @ @ @ @ CKK CKK CKK CKK v. be pregnant, conceive (when you see that the woman’s stomach is enlarged). #0164, 0241. I I I I @ @ @ @ (( (( (( (( v. be angry. #1381. I I I I @ @ @ @ J5K= J5K= J5K= J5K= v. be ashamed. #1382. I I I I @ @ C( C( C( C( v. stoop. #1875. I I I I @F=( @F=( @F=( @F=( v. be abundant. #1626. I I I I C=J C=J C=J C=J v. sit, sit down, be seated. #0137, 1867. I I I I D=C= D=C= v. be broad (e.g. large stomach). I I I I @H @H @H @H M M M M v. warm oneself (by a fire). #0200. I I I I (J5 (J5 (J5 (J5 M M M M v. become lit. #1737. I I I I v. remain silent, calm oneself. #1349, 1407. I I I I K( K( K( K( v. lie across. #1840. I I I I F=MK F=MK F=MK F=MK v. be broad (e.g. river). #1583. I I I I F=J F=J F=J F=J v. be shy. #1393. I I I I @ @ @ @ v. become short. #1609. I I I I F=( F=( =K =K =K =K v. rule over. #1268. I I I I F=( F=( FH FH FH FH v. incubate. #0567. I I I I HF=( HF=( HF=( HF=( v. be abundant. #1626. I I I I JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( v. be little. #1594. I I I I J J J J C>M=(M=( C>M=(M=( C>M=(M=( C>M=(M=( v. become hard. #1730. I I I I J J J J DA(HA(DA(HA( DA(HA(DA(HA( DA(HA(DA(HA( DA(HA(DA(HA( v. become sharp. #1743. I I I I J J J J v. become soft. #1746. I I I I J J J J FJK( FJK(-FJK( FJK( FJK( FJK( FJK( FJK( v. become sharp. #1743. I I I I J J @ @ @ @ MH MH MH MH v. become round. #1607. IFA IFA IFA IFA Variant: IAFA IAFA v. stay, remain. #1861. IFA IFA IFA IFA >KJ5( >KJ5( >KJ5( >KJ5( v. stop for the night. #1280. I I I I (( (( (( (( v. be angry. #1381. I I I I KK KK KK KK v. break wind. #0124, 0153. I(C>= I(C>= I(C>= I(C>= n. meat, flesh, muscle. #0040, 0068, 0903. IH IH IH IH v. contract, tighten. #1927. IH( H( H( H( Morph: (?)-(H( (H( (H( (H( n. soul, life, alive (for humans). #0126, 0687. I I I I v. harvest (corn) (the act of breaking it off the stalk), break off. #0968, 0976. I I I I @ @ @ @ @=F= @=F= @=F= @=F= v. whip. #1026. I I I I (J( (J( (J( (J( v. have an itch, tickle. #0218, 1289. I I I I =CA( =CA( =CA( =CA( v. harvest (maize). #0974. I I I I (( (( (( (( v. skin, take off skin, strip off. #1062, 1988. I I I I (( (( (( (( =CA( =CA( =CA( =CA( v. husk (corn). #0978. I I I I J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cross. #1812. 229
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286: in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
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Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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