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which are shown in (11). Third, the sound occurs in nouns, verbs, and numerals. Finally,
although it is found before all vowels, it only occurs in word-medial position.
(11) Sample lexical items in Mangbetu containing the labial flap (Demolin 1992)
nouns verbs numerals
AEL AEL AEL AEL ‘root’ L= L= L= L= ‘to play’ J-L- J-L- ‘ten’
=LELE =LELE =LELE =LELE ‘strong wind’ LM=LK LM=LK LM=LK LM=LK ‘to blow on fire’ -J-L- -J-L- IHK IHK IHK IHK ‘twenty’
animals body parts
=E-L- =E-L- =E-L- =E-L- ‘snail’ =LE =LE =LE =LE ‘tail’
-L=L= -L=L= -L=L= -L=L= ‘black bird’ -J-L- -J-L- -J-L- -J-L- ‘nail/claw’
Table D.2: Languages in which the labial flap is part of the phonological system
Cont Gramm Cat. # WI/WM Phoneme?
Adamawa
Dii - V/Ideo 4 WI/WM Poss.
Karang Y N/V/Ideo >16 WI/WM Def.
Kare
Kuo
Y
-
N/V/Adj/Ideo
N/V/Adj/Ideo
>25
5
WI/WM
WI/-
Def.
Prob.
Mbum Y N/V/Pron/Ideo >15 WI/WM Def.
Mundang
Nzakmbay
Ubangi
-
-
N/V/Adv
V
5
2
WI/WM
WI/-
Poss.
Poss.
Banda-Bambari
Banda-Banda
Y
-
N/V/Adj/Adv
N/V/Adv
>33
>33
WI/WM
WI/WM
Def.
Def.
Banda-Mbres - N/V/Adv >33 WI/WM Def.
Banda-Ndele
Banda-Yangere
Y
-
N/V
V
5
2
WI/WM
WI/-
Def.
Prob.
Mid-Southern Banda Y N/V/Adv 45 WI/WM Def.
Togbo-Vara Banda
West Central Banda
Mbandja
Gbaya-Bossangoa
NW Gbaya
-
-
Y
-
-
N/V/Adv
N/V/Adv
N/V/Adj/Ideo
N/Ideo
Ideo
>33
>33
>33
5
3
WI/WM
WI/WM
WI/WM
WI/WM
WI/WM
Def.
Def.
Def.
Poss.
Poss.
Bai - N/V 5 WI/- Prob.
Feroge
Mangayat
-
-
N/V
N/V
4
5
WI/WM
WI/WM
Prob.
Prob.
Ndogo Y N/V/Adj >40 WI/WM Def.
Sere
Tagbu
Central Sudanic
-
-
N/V/Adj
N/V/Adj
8
5
WI/WM
WI/?
Prob.
Prob.
Kresh
Baka
-
Y
N/V
N/V
3
2
-/WM
WI/WM
Prob.
Prob.
Gula - N/Ideo 8 WI/WM Prob.
Yulu
Lombi
-
-
N
N
5
3
-/WM
-/WM
Prob.
Poss.
Mangbetu Y N/V/Num >23 -/WM Def.
Lese
Austronesian
- N/V 4 WI/WM Poss.
Sikka Y ? - - Prob.
291