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H H H H J5=(C>=( J5=(C>=( J5=(C>=( J5=(C>=( n. inheritance. #1124. (I( (I( (I( (I( n. place, point (cf. Cloarec-Heiss 1986: 28, 160). #0699, 1770. (I( (I( (I( (I( ( ( ( ( n. west. #1779. (I( (I( (I( (I( (MKJ= (MKJ= (MKJ= (MKJ= LOC. east. #1758. (I( (I( (I( (I( n. sleeping place. #0878. (J( (J( (J( (J( n. being, entity, physical person, body (cf. Cloarec-Heiss 1986: 28, 160). (J( (J( (J( (J( PRON. that (subject). — B — B= B= v. become, cook, prepare, translate, change, alter, turn round. #1706, 1707, 1710, 1883. B= B= @ @ @ @ v. go round. #1831. B= B= @ACAA @ACAA @ACAA @ACAA v. spread (as disease or fire). #1979. B= B= (@(H( (@(H( (@(H( (@(H( v. make red. #1573. B= B= @ @ @ @ v. become short. #1609. B= B= B= v. contradict. #1331. B= J( J( J( J( v. become. B= B= J J @ @ @ @ MH MH MH MH v. become round. #1607. B= B= J5=(F=( J5=(F=( C> C> C> C> v. abandon. #1209. B= B= J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. translate. B=CK( B=CK( B=CK( B=CK( n. gruel, pap. #0897, 0909. B=H= B=H= B=H= KK KK KK KK v. deceive. #1333. BA BA C>=C= C>=C= v. shell (groundnuts). #0983. BA( BA( BA( BA( n. iron (for ironing clothes) (loan from French fer). B B B B BEN. to (a person or animal), indicates the beneficiary of an action. B( B( B( B( LOC. up. BJ5A BJ5A BJ5A BJ5A n. fever. BM BM BM BM Morph: (?)-M M M M n. hot. #1658. BK BK v. be rotten, smell (bad). #1678, 1744. BKBK( BKBK( n. red ant. BK( BK(K BK( K K K n. Protestant. BKC= BKC= BKC= BKC= n. hunch (of hunchback), bump (on back). #0052, 1614. BKHKJ5= BKHKJ5= n. soap, foam. #0673. — C — (( ( C= C= C= v. be good, be beautiful, be pleasant, be sweet. #1632,1673. C= C=- C= C= Variant: C=( C=(- C=( PREP. towards, to (cf. Cloarec-Heiss 1986: 272). C= C= C= J( J( J( J( v. please, satisfy. #1260. C=A C=A C=A C=A QUEST. what. #1511. C=BKHK C=BKHK n. mortar. #1089. C==( C==( C==( C==( n. market (loan from Sango?). #0871. C=(=B( C=(=B( C=(=B( C=(=B( Morph: C===B( C===B( C===B( C===B( LOC. up. C=(=CK( C=(=CK( C=(=CK( C=(=CK( Morph: C= C=-== C= == ==-K(CK( == K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( LOC. to the water. C=( C=( C=( C=( Morph: C= C=-( C= PREP. into. C=(=C>=( C=(=C>=( C=(=C>=( C=(=C>=( Morph: C= C=-=C>=( C= =C>=( =C>=( =C>=( PREP. behind. C=( C=( C=( C=( Morph: C= C=- C= LOC. here. 204
C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admire. #1243, 1401, 1622. C==( C==( C==( C==( n. branch. #0628. C=@( C=@( C=@( C=@( Morph: C= C=-@ C= @ @( @( ( ( PREP. place. C=(@H C=(@H C=(@H C=(@H Morph: C= C=-@H C= @H @H @H PREP. side. #1772. C=C= C=C= C=C= C=C= n. calf. #0470. C=F=( C=F=( Morph: C=F=( C=F=( C=F=( C=F=( PREP. on. C=H= C=H= v. cut (grass/hay, with a knife/coupe-coupe), mow, weed (with a machete). #0991. G=H=>= =H=>= =H=>=-MA(CA =H=>= A(CA A(CA A(CA PN. the Mono-Garaba dialect and people. C=H=@= C=H=@= C=H=@= C=H=@= n. type of traditional dance. C= C=H=C= C= H=C= H=C= H=C= n. manioc, cassava. #0594. C=I( C=I( C=I( C=I( Morph: C= C=-( C= ( (I( ( ( ( ( PREP. in. C=(I@=( C=(I@=( C=(I@=( C=(I@=( Morph: C=(I(=@= C=(I(=@= C=(I(=@= C=(I(=@= LOC. in the house. C=(J= C=(J= Morph: C= C=-J=(= C= J=(= QUEST. where. C=J( C=J( C=J( C=J( Morph: C= C=-J( C= ( ( ( PREP. place. C=J C=J C=J C=J Morph: C= C=-J C= J J(?) J LOC. down. C=J5=( C=J5=( C=J5=( Morph: C=J5=( =J5=( =J5=( =J5=( PREP. bottom of. C=J5=(K@K( C=J5=(K@K( C=J5=(K@K( C=J5=(K@K( Morph: C= C=-J5=( C= J5=( J5=(-K@K( J5=( K@K( K@K( K@K( PREP. under. C=K(5K( C=K(5K( Morph: C= C=-K(5K( C= K(5K( LOC. outside. C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K Morph: C= C=-KJ5K C= KJ5K KJ5K PREP. in front of. C=L= C=L= n. panther. C==( C==( C==( C==( n. 1) circumcision. 2) one who has completed the circumcision rite. C==( C==( C==( C==( =C= =C= n. type of circumcision dance (lit: horn circumcision). C==( C==( C==( C==( =5A =5A =5A =5A n. female circumcision. C==( C==( C==( C==( >== >== >== >== n. type of circumcision dance (lit: elephant circumcision). C==( C==( C==( C==( J5=(=F J5=(=F J5=(=F J5=(=F n. medical circumcision (non-ceremonial, done by a nurse). C=( C=( C=( C=( Morph: C= C=- C= LOC. there. C=A( C=A( C=A( C=A( Morph: C= C=-A( C= A( A((?) A( LOC. there [imprecise]. CAA CAA CAA CAA ADJ. left. #1764. CAA CAA CAA CAA n. stranger, guest. #0285. CAH CAH CAH CAH v. grow, grow up, sprout. #0650, 1240, 1729. CAH CAH CAH CAH CM=H CM=H CM=H CM=H v. grow (of plants). #0649. CAJ= CAJ= v. chase away, knock down, blow down. #1805, 1904, 1924. CE CE v. 1) push. 2) return (something). #1267. CE CE CE =5A =5A =5A =5A v. annul a marriage. CE CE K= K= K= K= v. pay (debt). #1139. CE CE (J5( (J5( (J5( (J5( H H H H v. thank. #1358. CE CE CE KK KK KK KK C=(KJ5K C=(KJ5K v. help. #1242. CE CE v. answer (a call). #1322. CE CE B B B B v. answer, reply. #1323. C C C C v. 1) sow, scatter seeds. 2) cause to defecate. 3) carve, file. #1106. C C C C v. work wood. #1119. C C C C J J @ @ @ @ MH MH MH MH v. make round, cut. #1110. C C C C J5=(F=( J5=(F=( v. plane off. #1115. C J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. hollow out. #1115. C C C C K(K( K(K( K(K( K(K( v. set (trap), trap (animal), build a trap. #1061, 1065. CH5 CH5 CH5 CH5 n. bile, gall bladder. #0011, 0044, 0110. C= C= C= C= v. stir (with difficulty), do something repeatedly (with perseverance). 205
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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