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8. iv ACOUSTIC PHONETICS.............................................................................124 8.1 Consonants ......................................................................................126 8.2 Vowels ............................................................................................151 8.3 Secondary articulations ...................................................................167 8.4 Summary and further research ........................................................171 9. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................173 VOLUME TWO Appendices A. TEXTS ...........................................................................................................175 A.1 The elephant, the turtle, and the hippo (narrative text) ...................175 A.2 Preparing the fields for planting (procedural text) ..........................186 A.3 Proverbs ..........................................................................................189 A.4 Frequency counts ............................................................................192 B. WORD LIST ..................................................................................................194 C. AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-CONGO CLASSIFICATION ..................241 C.1 Niger-Congo classification: major sub-groupings ..........................244 C.2 Kwa and Benue-Congo ...................................................................246 C.3 Bantu ...............................................................................................250 C.4 Adamawa-Ubangi ...........................................................................256 C.5 Discussion .......................................................................................264 C.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................272 D. CROSS-LINGUISTIC INSIGHTS ON THE LABIAL FLAP ......................274 D.1 Introduction .....................................................................................274 D.2 Geographic distribution...................................................................275 D.3 Genetic distribution .........................................................................277 D.4 Articulation .....................................................................................280 D.5 Phonological status .........................................................................283 D.6 The origin of the labial flap.............................................................292 D.7 Languages containing the labial flap ..............................................294 D.8 Conclusion ......................................................................................312 E. RECORDINGS ..............................................................................................313 F. ADDITIONAL TABLES...............................................................................322 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................355
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The languages of northwestern Democratic Republic of Congo ....................3 Figure 1.2: The locations of the Mono people and their ancestors .................................13 Figure 2.1: Consonant phonemes in Mono......................................................................27 Figure 2.2: Articulation of a portion of the word =MA(JH =MA(JH =MA(JH =MA(JH ‘stick used in an animal trap’ (Speaker A, cf. Chapter 8). Frames are 30 ms apart .....................................31 Figure 2.3: Vowel phonemes in Mono ............................................................................38 Figure 2.4: Reanalyzed Mono vowel system ..................................................................40 Figure 8.1: Waveform and spectrogram of the possible word =M= =M= =M= (Speaker K). The period of closure is indicated by the arrows ...............................................127 Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogram of the word =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( ‘fierceness’ (Speaker K) 128 Figure 8.3: Waveform and spectrogram of the word =MAA =MAA =MAA =MAA ‘catfish’ (Speaker K) .....128 Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogram of the word =M= =M= ‘road’ (Speaker K) .............130 Figure 8.5: Waveform and spectrogram of the word M M M M ‘calf, shin’. Voicing precedes a word-initial labial flap (Speaker A) ............................................................130 Figure 8.6: Waveform and spectrogram of the word (M= (M= (M= (M= ‘to send’ (Speaker A) .....131 Figure 8.7: Waveform of the possible word =>= =>= (Speaker K) ......................................133 Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possible word == == == == (Speaker K) ......................................134 Figure 8.9: Waveform of the possible word =@= =@= (Speaker K) ......................................134 Figure 8.10: Waveform of the possible word == == == == (Speaker K) ......................................135 Figure 8.11: Waveform and spectrogram of possible word =>= =>= (Speaker K). Beginning and end of closure are indicated by the arrows (see Section 8.1.4) ............135 Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogram of possible word == == == == (Speaker K) ................136 Figure 8.13: Waveform of the word =(=J =(=J =(=J =(=J ‘low’ (Speaker K) ......................................136 Figure 8.14: Waveform of the word = = = = ‘spirit’ (Speaker K) ......................................137 Figure 8.15: Close-up of waveform of the possible word == == == == (Speaker A) ...................138 Figure 8.16: Close-up of waveform of the possible word == == == == (Speaker A) ...................138 Figure 8.17: Close-up of waveform of the possible word == == == == (Speaker K) ...................138 Figure 8.18: Close-up of waveform of the possible word == == == == (Speaker K) ...................139 Figure 8.19: Close-up of waveform of the word = = = = ‘spirit’ (Speaker K) ..................139 Figure 8.20: Close-up of waveform of the word AA AA AA AA ‘who’ (Speaker K) ......................139 Figure 8.21: Waveform of the word ( ( ( ( ‘to hit’ (Speaker K) .....................................140 Figure 8.22: Waveform and spectrogram of the word (C> (C> (C> (C> ‘to receive, to find’ (Speaker K) .................................................................................................142 Figure 8.23: Waveform and spectrogram of the word =(C>=( =(C>=( ‘dugout canoe’ (Speaker K) .....................................................................................................................144 Figure 8.24: Waveform and spectrogram of the word =>=( =>=( ‘father’ (Speaker K) ...........144 Figure 8.25: Waveform and spectrogram of the word >=C=( >=C=( ‘cheek’ (Speaker K) .........145 Figure 8.26: Waveform and spectrogram of the word =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( ‘oil’ (Speaker K) ..............146 Figure 8.27: Waveform and spectrogram of the word F F F F ‘big hoe’ (Speaker K) .....147 Figure 8.28: Waveform and spectrogram of possible word =>= =>= =>= =>= (Speaker K). Beginning and end of closure are indicated by arrows .................................................150 v
Page 1 and 2: THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
Page 3: TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
Page 9 and 10: Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
Page 13 and 14: This dissertation is dedicated to t
Page 15 and 16: There are several languages in the
Page 17 and 18: The Bubanda region is located to th
Page 19 and 20: convincing. More will be said about
Page 21 and 22: Her phonological analysis consists
Page 23 and 24: study informing the internal classi
Page 25 and 26: men hunt small game, but large game
Page 27 and 28: third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
Page 29 and 30: of Lingala is reduced, both for men
Page 31 and 32: language. Also, code switching is n
Page 33 and 34: Finally, several documents dealing
Page 35 and 36: with the contrast between sounds, a
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
Page 39 and 40: 4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
Page 41 and 42: Mono consonants share several trait
Page 43 and 44: Despite the fact that the labial fl
Page 45 and 46: The data in (1) show sample contras
Page 47 and 48: However, contrasts are readily atte
Page 49 and 50: case of the pronouns. If the pronou
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
Page 53 and 54: If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
Page 55 and 56:
The data in (19) show sample contra
Page 57 and 58:
= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
Page 59 and 60:
CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
Page 61 and 62:
(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
Page 63 and 64:
3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
Page 65 and 66:
(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
Page 67 and 68:
Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
Page 69 and 70:
CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
Page 89 and 90:
this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
Page 101 and 102:
1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
Page 105 and 106:
contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
Page 125 and 126:
(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
Page 127 and 128:
There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
Page 129 and 130:
7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
Page 133 and 134:
(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
Page 155 and 156:
ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162:
formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170:
Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172:
Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174:
start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176:
Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180:
Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182:
Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184:
transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186:
linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190:
APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192:
( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194:
20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196:
33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198:
( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200:
( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202:
( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204:
( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206:
9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212:
== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214:
(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216:
@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218:
A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220:
C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222:
C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224:
ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226:
=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228:
=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230:
= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232:
F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234:
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236:
H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240:
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242:
(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244:
I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248:
— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250:
KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252:
M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254:
=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256:
APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260:
Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262:
original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264:
Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266:
C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268:
Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270:
Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276:
The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280:
published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294:
Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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