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(( ( C>J= C>J= C>J= C>J= J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( K(MK( K(MK( v. lengthen. #1606. C>J= C>J= C>J= C>J= K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( v. take out of water. #0961. C> C> C> C> v. 1) receive, find, get, succeed. 2) be difficult, be hard (physically). 3) become old, grow, be fully developed, become mature, become ripe. #0131, 1122, 1236, 1282, 1417, 1642, 1738, 1739, 1740. C> C> C> C> == == == == v. pay attention, take care. #1435. C> C> C> C> H H H H v. receive. #1265. C> C> C> C> @( @( @( @( v. protect, guard, domesticate, tame, keep, put away, bless. #0971, 1248, 1959. C> C> C> C> @( @( @( @( =C= =C= =C= =C= v. herd (cattle or sheep). #0977. C> C> C> C> @( @( @( @( C> C> C> C> v. bring up (a child). #1219. C> C> C> C> J( J( J( J( v. meet. C> C> C> C> KK KK KK KK v. hurt oneself. #0247. C>C>( C>C>( C>C>( C>C>( n. force, strength. #1623, 1694. C>C> C>C> C>C> C>C> J(5( J(5( J(5( J(5( v. hasten, hurry. #1833. C>((JA C>((JA( C>((JA C>((JA Morph: C> C>(?) C> C> n. fierceness. #1615. C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K 5 5 5 5 n. clod. #0660. C>(KK C>(KK C>(KK C>(KK n. difficult. #1642. C>(M=(M=( C>(M=(M=( C>(M=(M=( C>(M=(M=( n. hard. #1657. C> C> C> C> n. road. C>C(C>( C>C(C>( C>C(C>( C>C(C>( n. conclusion. C>5 C>5 C>5 C>5 n. bedroom, room. #0856, 0877. C>J( C>J( C>J( C>J( H H H H v. sieze (by force, e.g. military). #1060. C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K Morph: (C>( (C>(-KK (C>( (C>( KK KK KK Variant: C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K n. elder, parent, old, adult. #0135, 0253, 0293, 0375, 1655. C>(K C>(K C>(K C>(K C C C C n. chief, headman. #0373. C>K(HK(M= C>K(HK(M= ADV. lasting. — D — D=(= D=(= D=(= D=(= ADV. in vain, without success. D=C= D=C= ADV. hard, wide. #1604. D= D= D= D= ADV. brightly. D=( D=( D=( D=( ADV. very fast, without reflecting on what you’re doing. D=H=( D=H=( ADV. giant, high. #0284, 1590. DA(HA( DA(HA( ADV. sharp. #1683. DA(HA(=( DA(HA(=( DA(HA(=( DA(HA(=( n. gourd rattle. DA(HA(=( DA(HA(=( DA(HA(=( DA(HA(=( =@= =@= =@= =@= n. lock. DAH DAH DAH DAH FH FH FH FH v. hatch. #0566. D(=( D(=( D(=( D(=( n. whisper. #1316. DHC DHC DHC DHC ADV. hidden, safe, well-protected. DM DM = = = = ADV. hot. — E — = = = = n. mother. cf. = = = = . #0348. n. fool, madness, mad. #1371, 1388. M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n. shaft (of arrow). #1047. 208
ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ. deep. ADJ. thick. > > > > ADJ. white, off-white, silver. > > > > (( (( (( (( n. color of white man’s skin, pink. #1564. > > > > 5 5 5 5 n. whitewash. @ @ @ @ n. blood. #0013. @ @ @ @ n. seed, grain (for sowing). @ @ @ @ == == == == n. pupil of eye. #0077. @ @ @ @ (I (I (I (I n. pumpkin pip. #0638. @ @ @ @ A( A( A( A( n. kernel. #0632. C> C> C> C> n. fish trap. F FF F n. dance. #1144. F FF F n. alcoholic beverage. F FF F =C= =C= n. “horn” male circumcision dance. F FF F =>== =>== =>== =>== n. a traditional dance. F FF F C==( C==( C==( C==( n. circumcision dance. F FF F >== >== >== >== n. “elephant” male circumcision dance. F FF F >K@K( >K@K( >K@K( >K@K( n. beer, mead. #0882, 0902. 5 55 5 n. thorn, splinter. #0645, 0844. 5 55 5 H H H H n. shadow, image, spirit, drawing, photograph. #0712, 1179. 55 55 H H H H =(FK =(FK =(FK =(FK n. moonlight. #0747. 5 55 5 H H H H KK KK KK KK n. soul. #1178. J5 J5 J5 J5 n. song. #1155. n. tooth, tusk (of warthog). #0098, 0545. >== >== >== >== n. elephant’s tusk. #0534. — — @ @ @ @ Variant: @ @@ @ n. horn, antler. #0541. C C C C n. neck. #0071. n. crying, groaning, request, sound. #1298, 1310, 1311. =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( n. dog bark. H H H H n. plant stalk. n. sweat. n. thick. #1600. > > > > n. needle. #1072. @ @ @ @ n. stupidity. #1376, 1395. C C C C n. younger sibling. #0370. C C C C =>=( =>=( n. father’s brother. #0331, 0359. C C C C = = = = n. aunt (mother’s sister). #0351, 0359. C C C C K(C( K(C( K(C( K(C( n. younger sister. #0365. CH CH CH CH ADJ. long, tall. n. noise. #1305, 1595. CH CH CH CH =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK n. thunder. #0758. CH CH CH CH => =>= => => n. sword, machete. #1048. CH CH CH CH n. length. #1578. C> C> C> C> n. metal rattle with wooden handle, bell. #0794. 209
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
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Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
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International Phonetic Association.
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McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
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Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
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Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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