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= = = = CKIK CKIK n. bush dweller. #0275. = = = = n. madman (crazy person), lunatic. = = = = =( =( =( =( n. thumb. #0095. = = = = ( ( ( ( (>= (>= (>= (>= n. weaver. #0390. = = = = (CK= (CK= (CK= (CK= n. messenger. #0381. = = = = (C>=H= (C>=H= (C>=H= (C>=H= n. prophet. = = = = (>H (>H (>H (>H C>=H C>=H C>=H C>=H (J( (J( (J( (J( n. potter. #0383. = = = = (@ (@ (@ (@ @ @ @ @ n. farmer. #0376. = = = = (M (M (M (M =C= =C= =C= =C= CKIK CKIK n. hunter. #0379. = = = = (M (M (M (M =C=CK( =C=CK( =C=CK( =C=CK( n. fisherman. #0378. = = = = = = = = n. patient, sick person. #0302. = = = = CM=( CM=( CM=( CM=( n. insect. #0512. = = = = KK KK KK KK n. enemy, supporter. #0282. = = = = K(MKI( K(MKI( K(MKI( K(MKI( n. wise person. #1398. = = = = AB= AB= AB= AB= n. midwife. #0382. = = = = =H= =H= =H= =H= n. sterile person. #0304. = = = = >A= >A= >A= >A= n. mother-in-law (wife’s mother). #0349. = = = = @=M @=M @=M @=M n. blacksmith. #0371. = = = = CA@= CA@= CA@= CA@= n. rich man. #0300. = = = = n. poor man. #0298. = = = = (( (( (( (( n. wicked person. #1397. = = = = n. guilty. #1656. = = = = @ @ @ @ n. careless, lazy person. #1636. = = = = n. doctor, fetish priest, medicine man. #0374, 0377, 0380. = = = = H=M H=M H=M H=M n. sorcerer, witch. #0386, 0391. = = = = MKJ MKJ MKJ MKJ n. beggar. #0272. = = = = >( >( >( >( Morph: = = = = -(>( (>( (>( (>( n. relative. #0359. = = = = C=( C=( C=( C=( n. co-wife. #0334. =( =( =( =( n. 1) family, kinship. 2) love. #1200, 1370. =C =C =C =C Morph: = = = = -C C C C n. inhabitant, person of. #0290. =@ =@ =@ =@ n. principal wife. #0358. == == == == n. wound. #0231. = = = = @ @ @ @ n. bead (plastic). #1066. = = = = n. razor, knife used in circumcision rite. #0832. =@== =@== =@== =@== Variants: =@= =@=, =@= =@= ==@= ==@=, ==@= ==@= @=@= @=@=, @=@= @=@= @== @== @== @== TIME. dusk, afternoon, early evening. #0761. =( =( =( =( Variant: ( ( ( ( n. hoof. #0540. = = = = n. husband. #0264, 0347. = = = = n. male. = = = = =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK n. he-goat. #0483. =M= =M= =M= =M= n. work. #1104. =M=H= =M=H= =M=H= =M=H= n. arrowhead. =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( n. chick peas, garbanzo beans. =(F=( =(F=( =(F=( =(F=( (>= (>= (>= (>= n. loincloth, cloth worn by woman. #0823, 1068. =F== =F== =F== =F== (5( (5( (5( (5( n. platform. #0828. =FKJK =FKJK =FKJK =FKJK n. herd (of cattle or sheep). #0553. == == == == n. eye, surface (clear or reflective), point, blade. #0030. == == == == K@K K@K n. spear head. #1040. 196
== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n. arrowhead. #1040. ==M ==M ==M ==M Morph: == ==-M == == M M M n. flame. #0671. =A(@( =A(@( =A(@( =A(@( n. hail. #0742. = = = = ADJ. first thing. #1519. =LK =LK =LK =LK n. family, offspring. #0265, 0328. =K(CK =K(CK =K(CK =K(CK n. mushroom. #0608. == == == == n. mouth, language, edge, boundary, price. #0067, 0655, 1128. == == == == J= J= J= J= n. seashore. #0711. == == == == (>= (>= (>= (>= n. hem. #1071. == == == == n. price. == == == == Morph: =-== == ==- == Variant: @== @== @== @== TIME. morning, dawn. #0764, 0772. =A(@A =A(@A =A(@A =A(@A n. glue. =>= =>= =>= =>= ADJ. plain, ordinary. =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( =(>=(=( n. bait. #1029. =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( Variant: (( (( (( (( n. trip, journey, walk. #1763. =@= =@= =@= =@= n. house. #0869. =@= =@= =@= =@= =>> =>> =>> =>> n. termite hill. =@= =@= =@= =@= =I= =I= =I= =I= n. cook house. =@= =@= =@= =@= M M M M n. kitchen. #0870. =@H =@H =@H =@H n. uvula. =@H =@H =@H =@H n. witchcraft. #1181. =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( == == == == n. tip of something. #1777. =C= C= C= C= n. bottle, thermos, bowl, calabash. #0917, 0918, 0920. =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( ADJ. another, other. #1504. =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( n. some. #1507. =(C== =(C== =(C== =(C== n. ladder, scaffolding. #1087, 1096. =(C=(@H =(C=(@H =(C=(@H =(C=(@H Morph: =(C=( =(C=(-=@H =(C=( =(C=( =@H =@H =@H n. ancestral spirits. =C=(@=( =C=(@=( =C=(@=( =C=(@=( PN. August. =C=CA =C=CA =C=CA =C=CA n. type of sugar cane. #0621. =C=H= =C=H= =C=H= =C=H= n. single person, bachelor. #0270. =CA(HA(FA =CA(HA(FA =CA(HA(FA =CA(HA(FA n. star. #0718. =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( n. 1) bamboo, raffia. 2) nail. #0571, 0583, 1090. =C( =C( =C( =C( n. rat. =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( Variant: =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( n. throat. #0094. =CM= =CM= =CM= =CM= n. seed. =(CM=( =(CM=( =(CM=( =(CM=( n. difficulty. =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= n. hatred. =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= n. theft. #1207. =(C>=( =(C>=( =(C>=( =(C>=( ADV. after. =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= >K@K( >K@K( n. adultery. =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= = =( = =( ( ( n. theft (with the hand). =C> =C>( =C> =C> ( (AC=@= ( AC=@= AC=@= AC=@= n. peg. #0826. =C>( =C>( =C>( =C>( n. festival. =F=( =F=( n. tsetse fly. #0526. =HKCK =HKCK n. no see-um, biting midge. =(I =(I( =(I =(I( ( ( Variant: =(I =(I =(I =(I DEIC. this. =(I =(I( =(I =(I( ( ( =(A =(A =(A =(A DEIC. that (there). =(I =(I( =(I =(I( (A ( A A A Morph: =(I =(I( =(I =(I( (-A ( A A A DEIC. this. 197
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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Figure 8.23: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 159 and 160: labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162: formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164: Figure 8.28: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 165 and 166: (1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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