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=B( =B( =B( =B( Morph: == ==(?)-B( == == B( B( B( LOC. above. =C= =C= =C= =C= v. be disorderly. =(C= =(C= =(C= =(C= n. disorderliness. =H =H =H =H n. threshing-floor. #0879. =F=C>= =F=C>= =F=C>= =F=C>= n. level. #1662. =FJ =FJ =FJ =FJ n. millet-beer. #0905. == ===( == == =( =( =( PN. March. =>( =>( =>( =>( n. abscess (large). =C= =C= =C= =C= n. calf (gen.). #0470. L=C>=I =C>=I =C>=I =C>=I Variant: L=C>=5 =C>=5 =C>=5 =C>=5 PN. the Langbasi language and people. =F=( =F=( =F=( =F=( n. gift. #0809. =F=H= =F=H= =F=H= =F=H= n. 1) shoulder blade. 2) airplane. #0083. A A A A v. bear fruit. #0647. A A A A H H H H v. babble. #1326. AA AA AA AA n. horse. #0487, 0495. AC= AC= AC= AC= n. talking drum. AH= AH= AH= AH= v. smear. A(H= A(H= A(H= A(H= n. squash. v. be (existential, plural). ( ( ( ( PREP. in, inside, by. JH JH JH JH n. toad. #0460. E E E E v. 1) enter, lead to, go in. 2) be sufficient, be fitting, become equal. #1651, 1724, 1830. E E E E == == == == v. harmonize. #1160. E E E E @ @ @ @ v. befit, suit. #1405. E E E E C=( C=( C=( C=( v. jam. #1734. E E E E K= K= K= K= v. borrow. #1218. E E E E ( ( ( ( @ @ @ @ v. be accustomed. #1627. E E E E ( ( ( ( (( (( (( (( v. be accustomed. #1627. > > > > TIME. yesterday. #0785. = = = = TIME. olden times, earlier. #0777, 0788. = = = = TIME. a long time ago. = = = = =J5=J5= =J5=J5= =J5=J5= =J5=J5= TIME. olden times (very old). #0777. @( @( @( @( n. enough. #1646. EC> EC> EC> EC> v. weigh, measure. #1025, 1432. M= M= M= M= n. pigeon (wild). #0450. v. cut, shave. 2) be heavy. 3) sweat. #1588, 1972. IKKK IKKK IKKK IKKK v. cut hair. #0168. v. 1) lie down, sleep, remain. 2) bite. #1841, 1891. @ @ @ @ v. copulate, lit. sleep with. #0165. @ @ @ @ v. crunch. #0166. C=J C=J C=J C=J v. lie down. (J (JA( (J (J A( v. gnaw. #0175. v. sleep, lie down. #0188, 1666. MH=( MH=( MH=( MH=( v. gnaw around. (>= (>= (>= (>= Variant: (>= (>= (>= (>= n. clothes, garment, cloth. #0808, 1067, 1069. IK IK IK IK n. heart (fig.). IK( IK( IK( IK( Variant: IK( IK( IK( IK( n. clay pot, also for metal pot. 218
C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n. trousers. #0853. =F =F =F =F Morph: -= = =-F = F F F TIME. noon. #0775. IK( IK( IK( IK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( n. pot (for water). #0935. (H (H (H (H Variant: =(H =(H =(H =(H Morph: == ==-H == == H H H n. class (in school). K K K K v. 1) plant (to make a hole and put the seed in), cultivate, sow (for rice, corn, peanuts, etc.). 2) cook/prepare greens or meat (the part of the meal that is not starch). 3) curve, bend. #0944, 0969, 0981, 0984, 1815. K K K K KK KK KK KK v. dream. #1414. K>= K>= K>= K>= n. flute. #1151. KC>K KC>K KC>K KC>K PN. April. KK( KK( KK( KK( ADV. anew. — — = = = = v. show. #1274. =( =( =( =( TIME. this morning. =( =( =( =( DEIC. that. =C= =C= =C= =C= n. sickle. #0966. ==J ==J ==J ==J n. boundary, frontier. #0655, 0676, 0676. =A(C =A(C =A(C =A(C n. breastbone, sternum. #0019. =(AC>=C= =(AC>=C= =(AC>=C= =(AC>=C= n. ladle. #0930. =(AC(H( =(AC(H( =(AC(H( =(AC(H( n. intestinal worm. #0217. =KK =KK =KK =KK n. cold weather. #0735. =K( =K( =K( =K( Morph: == ==-K( == == K( K((?) K( n. female genitals, clitoris. =@= =@= =@= =@= Morph: == ==-=@= == == =@= =@= =@= n. door, doorway. #0805, 0806. =@=( =@=( =@=( =@=( PREP. after. =@= =@= =@= =@= C>=C>= C>=C>= n. entrance hut. #0864. =@H =@H =@H =@H n. law. =CA( =CA( =CA( =CA( n. corn (maize). #0605. =C =C =C =C n. stick/wood used for animal trap. =C>=( =C>=( =C>=( =C>=( Variant: J5=(=C>=( J5=(=C>=( J5=(=C>=( J5=(=C>=( Morph: J5=( J5=(-=C>=( J5=( =C>=( =C>=( =C>=( PREP. after. =(FH =(FH =(FH =(FH n. motorcycle. M=H= =H= PN. god of the trap. =H= =H= =H= =H= n. 1) tribe. 2) type, sort. #0267. =H= =H= =H= =H= n. barren, sterile, impotent. #0232, 0238. =5AC= =5AC= =5AC= =5AC= n. neighbor. =MKJ =MKJ =MKJ =MKJ n. hip. #0051. A(= A(= A(= A(= n. twin (male or female). #0307, 0308, 0309. AH AH AH AH v. 1) swell. 2) swallow. #0193. DEIC. that. PRON. first person singular pronoun: clitic form (subject, object, possessive). #1457, 1458. cf. . E E E E v. 1) bother, irritate. 2) grow, increase, become large, be fat, be thick. #1584. @K @K @K @K n. sand. #0708. @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K NUM. five, fifth. #1527. @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K @== @== @== @== >=A >=A >=A >=A Morph: @ == == == == NUM. six, sixth. @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K @== @== @== @== > > 5= 5= 5= 5= NUM. seven, seventh. 219
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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