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C>H C>H C>H C>H Variant: C>H C>H C>H C>H n. salt. #0911, 0956. C>5( C>5( C>5( C>5( Morph: C> C>-(5( C> C> (5( (5( (5( n. light. #0688. F F F F Variant: KFK KFK n. matter, affair, truth. #1192. H H H H ADV. hard. L L L L Variant: KLK KLK n. abdomen, stomach, belly. #0001, 0010. n. 1) cold. 2) air (breathed). #0651, 0734, 1638. H H H H n. name. #1303. — — (( ( = = = = v. singe. #1974. = = = = @=( @=( @=( @=( v. hesitate. #1421. = = = = J( J( J( J( v. spend time, lie down, rest. #1276, 1666. = = = = J( J( J( J( (5( (5( (5( (5( v. rest. #0182. =>( =>( =>( =>( Morph: == ==-(>( == == (>( (>( (>( n. member. =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK n. goat. #0482. =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK J=>= J=>= Variant: =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK J== J== J== J== n. sheep. #0481, 0492, 0494. =C>(K =C>(K =C>(K =C>(K Morph: = =(?)-C>(K = = C>(K C>(K C>(K n. old man. #0294. = = = = n. baby sitter. ==( ==( ==( ==( n. marsh, pool. #0690, 0701. =@ =@ =@ =@ Morph: == == == == @ @ @ @ n. garden. #0894. =(H( =(H( =(H( =(H( n. snake. #0457. =5A =5A =5A =5A n. male. =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n. male slave. #0292. =5A =5A =5A =5A KK KK KK KK n. dead man. #0260. =(J =(J5= =(J =(J 5= =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK n. lamb. #0488. =( =( =( =( Variant: ==A( ==A(, ==A( ==A( ( ( ( ( Morph: == ==-= == == = =( =( ( ( n. finger. #0037. J=F= =F= =F= =F= PN. the Yakpa language and people. ==MK ==MK ==MK ==MK Variant: ==MK ==MK ==MK ==MK n. grinding stone. #0928, 0938. =>= =>= =>= =>= v. learn. #1428. v. try, test. #1447. =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK n. 1) cooking stones (usually three, on top of which the pot is put), fireplace, brazier (bambola). 2) family, clan. #0923, 0926. =K =K =K =K Variant: K K K K n. bird, fowl. #0401, 0418. =C= =C= =C= =C= n. joy. =C=( =C=( =C=( =C=( n. friend. #0262. =C=CK =C=CK( =C=CK =C=CK n. brook, stream. #0657. =CFA( =CFA( =CFA( =CFA( n. fingernail, claw. #0530. =CJ =CJ =CJ =CJ Morph: == ==-CJ == == CJ CJ CJ n. chick. #0475. =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= n. type of traditional dance. =F= =F= =F= =F= v. alter (clothes). #1707. =(FK =(FK =(FK =(FK Variant: A(FK A(FK A(FK A(FK n. moon, month. #0692, 0771. =(FK =(FK =(FK =(FK =( =(@( =( =(@( @( @( A(= A(= A(= A(= n. full moon. #0677. =H= =H= =H= =H= n. iron. =H =H =H =H n. livestock, e.g. cattle, domesticated animal. #0473. =I= =I= =I= =I= n. spring. #0717. =(IK =(IK =(IK =(IK n. rat. #0455. =IKHK =IKHK =IKHK =IKHK n. orphan. #0296. =5A =5A =5A =5A n. woman, female. #0268. 210
=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n. female slave. #0283. =5A =5A =5A =5A = = = = n. widow. #0311. =5A =5A =5A =5A =H= =H= =H= =H= n. barren woman. #0271. =5 =5 =5 =5 n. cup, bowl. =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( n. dog. #0478. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK n. rain, flash of lightning (thunderbolt). #0739, 0748, 0751. =M== =M== =M== =M== n. old woman. #0295. =MA =MA =MA =MA PN. January. =M =M =M =M Morph: (?)-M M M M n. firewood. #0927. =MKHK =MKHK =MKHK =MKHK n. girl. =MAA =MAA =MAA =MAA n. catfish. =(C =(C =(C =(C n. eel. #0415. A A A A PRON. third person singular possessive pronoun. A A A A CONJ. 1) but. 2) and. A( A( A( A( EMPH. affirmative, already. A A A A (JA( (JA( (JA( (JA( v. polish, make smooth. #1014, 1745. A(= A(= A(= A(= CONJ. 1) then. 2) still. #0780. AA AA AA AA v. sieve. #0957. AC= AC= AC= AC= n. celebration (loan from Lingala eyenga). AH AH AH AH v. have ringworm. #0226. AHM=( AHM=( AHM=( AHM=( NUM. hundred. #1555. AHM=( AHM=( AHM=( AHM=( > > 5= 5= 5= 5= NUM. two hundred. #1556. JA(IK A(IK PN. Jesus (loan from French Jésus). E E E E v. enter s.t. into s.t. E E E E =C>= =C>= =C>= =C>= v. hate. #1420. E E E E C=(= C=(= C=(= C=(= v. dip, soak. #1929, 1976. E E E E @( @( @( @( v. like (something), love, want, desire, accept, agree, admit (to a wrong), wish. #1402, 1449, 1451. E E E E @( @( @( @( v. accept, receive, take, agree. #1212. E E E E I( I( I( I( Variant: E E E E I( ( (H ( v. teach, guide, lead, show. #1241, 1251, 1274, 1287. E E E E J( J( J( J( v. get used to. E E E E J J J J =C(CH =C(CH =C(CH =C(CH v. exchange. #1233. E E E E K(MK( K(MK( v. thread (beads). #1076. = = = = ADV. slowly. #1784. n. husband’s mother, daughter-in-law. #0326. EM= EM= EM= EM= v. lose, be lost, disappear. #1930, 1950. EM= EM= EM= EM= J( J( J( J( v. hide. #1422. MK( MK( MK( MK( Variant: KMK( KMK( KMK( KMK( n. children of mother’s brothers, nephew, niece. #0324, 0356, 0357. v. abstain. > > M= M= M= M= v. blow nose. #0151. CK5 CK5 CK5 CK5 v. spit. #0191. >=( >=( >=( >=( n. type of cat. #0407, 0467. C(>A C(>A C(>A C(>A n. vulture. #0463. v. buy. #1134. (H (H (H (H v. purchase food. #1142. @( @( @( @( v. ask, need something. #1325. C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n. robe (man’s gown). #0834. 211
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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