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— L — L= L= L= v. 1) pour (a granular substance). 2) scoop (a granular substance). L= L= J J J J KK KK KK KK v. accuse. #1318. L== L== L== L== NUM. four, fourth. #1526. L=A( L=A( L=A( L=A( v. throw out. L=A L=A L=A L=A ADV. throw out (plural form). LA LA v. 1) hit. 2) stone. LA@= LA@= LA@= LA@= n. forest. #0675. LA= LA= LA= LA= n. thicket. #0722. LAA LAA LAA LAA n. okra. #0610. LAH LAH LAH LAH v. 1) wear (clothes), undress. 2) strip off a stem. #0201, 1290. LAH LAH LAH LAH A(A( A(A( A(A( A(A( M M M M Variant: LAH LAH LAH LAH A(A(M A(A(M A(A(M A(A(M v. harvest (rice). #0975. LAH LAH LAH LAH (>= (>= (>= (>= v. dress (someone). #1227. LE LE v. dance. LE LE F FF F v. dance. #1159. L L L L =( =( =( =( v. close the fist. LL LL LL LL n. ant. #0497. L= L= L= L= n. nape of neck. #0069. L= L= L= L= n. fly (insect). #0509. LC>=( LC>=( LC>=( LC>=( n. warthog. #0464. LH LH LH LH v. roast, fry. #0948. L(H( L(H( L(H( L(H( ADV. good health. #0142, 0286. LHM LHM LHM LHM Variant: LHM LHM LHM LHM n. ash, cinders. #0915. LJ LJ LJ LJ NUM. three, third. #1525. LK LK LK == == == == v. close the eyes. #0161. LK LK LK == == == == v. close the mouth. #0160. LK LK =( =( =( =( v. close fist. #0159. LK LK I( I( I( I( v. deny. #1334. LK(@= LK(@= n. cultivated ground. #0861. LKLK LKLK LKLK n. sugar ant. — M — M= M= v. cut, slice (with a knife), whittle, mark out, peg out (ground). #0946, 1111. M= M= Variant: M=(= M=(= FUNC. very, much, many, forever, always. #0786. M= M= =(J=( =(J=( =(J=( v. shorten. #1608. M= M= =J =J =J =J v. make (facial) incisions, tattoo, slash. #0177, 1910. M= M= M= C==( C==( C==( C==( v. circumcise. #0157. M= M= M= @ @ @ @ v. cause to bleed. M= M= @( @( @( @( v. obstruct. #1848. M= M= v. judge. #1247. M= M= M= J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( =(H=( =(H=(-=(H=( =(H=( =(H=( =(H=( =(H=( =(H=( v. cut up, flay, slaughter. #1053. M= M= EXCL. yes, okay. M=(= M=(= M=(= M=(= n. baby. M=( M=( M=( M=( EXCL. That’s right!. M== M== M== M== n. lie (falsehood). #1302. 236
M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=(JAH M=(JAH M=(JAH M=(JAH n. bee. #0501. MA(A( MA(A( MA(A( MA(A( Variant: M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n. arrow. #1027. M M M M v. 1) kill, slaughter. 2) be hot. #1063, 1249. M M M M (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be hot (of person). #0132. M M M M M M M M v. have a fever. MC= MC= MC= MC= n. antelope. #0395. M= M= M= M= ADJ. yellow. #1570. M>=( M>=( M>=( M>=( n. sister-in-law. #0321, 0363. MK MK v. 1) see (something). 2) breathe. 3) press (with your hand). #0154, 0178, 0185. MK MK @ @ @ @ == == == == v. allow. #1213. MK MK H H H H v. notice. #1434. MK MK MK 5 55 5 H( H( H( H( n. mirror. MK MK v. forgive. MK MK MK KK KK KK KK v. forgive. #1217. MK MK I( I( I( I( v. know. #1426. MK MK I( I( I( I( (>H (>H (>H (>H v. know how to. #1425. MK MK J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( (( (( (( (( v. feel. #0173. MK= MK= MK= MK= n. giraffe. #0423. MKI(J(MK( MKI(J(MK( MKI(J(MK( MKI(J(MK( Morph: MK(I( MK(I((?) MK(I( MK(I( n. stupid person. #0306. MKJ= MKJ= v. leave, exit, arrive, pass by, come (or go) out. #1788, 1810. MKJ= MKJ= C=F=( C=F=( 5 5 5 5 v. be born. #0152. — M — M= M= v. send (someone or something). #1269. M= M= 5 55 5 v. extract a thorn. #0245. M= M= (5( (5( (5( (5( @( @( @( @( v. invite, assemble (people). #1246. M= M= v. cut down. #0996. M= M= M= KK KK KK KK @( @( @( @( v. send (someone to do something). #1271. M=@K M=@K v. take out. M== M== M== M== n. bone marrow. #0016. M=C= M=C= M=C= M=C= v. cut across. M=H= M=H= v. 1) be fast. 2) open. M=H= M=H= J( J( J( J( v. refuse, reject. #1266. M=H= M=H= M=H= J( J( J( J( (5( (5( (5( (5( J( J( J( J( v. abstain. #1210. M=H= M=H= M=H= J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( H H H H v. untie. #1023. MA(CA MA(CA ADV. hot. ME ME v. throw, sprinkle (water). #1914, 1980. ME ME C>=C@= C>=C@= C>=C@= C>=C@= v. swing. #1878. ME ME C=@= C=@= C=@= C=@= v. fish. #1057. M M ADV. throw out (singular form). M M M M n. lower leg, calf, shin. MJ MJ MJ MJ n. calf of leg. #0022. MKHKK MKHKK MKHKK MKHKK n. dung beetle. #0507. 237
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286: in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294: Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296: This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298: D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300: 7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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