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(( ( =(I =(I( =(I =(I( ( ( Morph: =(I =(I( =(I =(I( (- ( DEIC. that (anaphoric). =IKCK =IKCK =IKCK =IKCK n. flood. #0740. =5C> =5C> =5C> =5C> n. type of sugar cane. #0621. =J= =J= ADV. thus, also. #1509. ADJ. such. =(J= =(J= n. grandparent, grandchild. #0332, 0337, 0338, 0339, 0340, 0341, 0343. =J=A =J=A =J=A =J=A Morph: =J= =J=-A =J= A A A Variant: =J=A =J=A =J=A =J=A ADV. like this. =J= =J= =J= =J= Morph: =J= =J=- =J= ADV. like that, in that way. =J= =J=H= =J= H= n. age-mate. #0314. =J =J =J =J LOC. down, below. =JK( =JK( n. type of cat. #0407. =J5( =J5( =J5( =J5( n. louse (lice). #0516. =M= =M= n. fear. #1363, 1821. =M= =M= n. path, way, road, track. #0706, 0723. =(M=( =(M=( n. diarrhea. =M= =M= >=A >=A >=A >=A ADV. the same as. =M= =M= =M= CKIK CKIK n. path. #0696. =M= =M= @=>= @=>= @=>= @=>= n. awe, fear of God. #1164. =M= =M= K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( n. course of river. #0662. =M=(= =M=(= =M=(= =M=(= n. baby. #0255. =M=(K( =M=(K( =M=(K( =M=(K( n. cable for a trap. =M== =M== =M== =M== PN. October. =M =M =M =M n. wife. #0369. =M( =M( =M( =M( n. lung. #0065. =MK(=( =MK(=( n. mask. #1202. =(M= =(M=(H=( =(M= (H=( n. fierceness. #1615. =MA(CA =MA(CA =MA(CA =MA(CA n. rainbow. #0702. =MA(JH =MA(JH =MA(JH =MA(JH n. stick used for animal trap. =M =M =M =M n. hyena. =( =( =( =( PRON. first person plural inclusive pronoun: citation, object, and possessive form. cf. = =. = = =K =K =K =K ( ( ( ( n. everybody. #1492. == ==( == == n. aunt (father’s sister or wife of mother’s brother). #0316. == == == == PRON. first person plural exclusive pronoun: citation form. cf. = =. = = =(=(H=( =(=(H=( =(=(H=( =(=(H=( ADJ. small (plural). =K( =K( =K( =K( n. uncle (brother of mother). #0350. — > — >=@H >=@H >=@H >=@H n. sweet potato. #0622. >=@= >=@= >=@= >=@= n. 1) stone, rock (big). 2) battery. #0697, 0707, 0719. >=(@=( >=(@=( >=(@=( >=(@=( n. dried sand (where water usually lies), rocks of the water. >=C=( >=C=( n. cheek. #0023. >=(C=H= >=(C=H= n. cow, ox. #0477, 0490. >=(=(=(= >=(=(=(= >=(=(=(= >=(=(=(= ADV. shallow. #1682. >=C >=C >=C >=C n. tortoise (land turtle). #0461. >=CCK( >=CCK( >=CCK( >=CCK( Morph: >=C >=C-K(CK( >=C >=C K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( n. turtle (water turtle). #0462. >== >== >== >== Variant: >== >== >== >== (5( (5( (5( (5( v. greet. #1337. >=(=(C>=( >=(=(C>=( >=(=(C>=( >=(=(C>=( n. shield. #0839. 198
(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ CJ CJ CJ n. comb (on a rooster). >=A >=A >=A >=A NUM. one, first. #1523. >=A= >=A= >=A= >=A= Morph: >=A >=A-== >=A >=A == == == n. being one-eyed. #0233. >==H= >==H= >==H= >==H= n. lion. #0436. >=>= >=>= >=>= >=>= v. exaggerate. >=@= >=@= >=@= >=@= v. begin (loan from Lingala kobanda). B=@= =@= =@= =@= PN. the Banda ethnic/language group. >=C== >=C== >=C== >=C== n. zebra. #0468. >=H==C>= >=H==C>= >=H==C>= >=H==C>= n. bat (large). #0398. >=J >=J >=J = = = = n. rope (heavy). >A >A v. swell, be big, become fat. #1605. >A >A == == == == v. stop up. #1750. >AAC >AAC >AAC >AAC Variant: >C >C >C >C v. become bent (with age). #0128. >H >H >H >H v. quarrel. >H >H >H >H J( J( J( J( (5( (5( (5( (5( v. argue. #1324. > > = = = = n. ebony. #0576. > > Variant: > > > M= M= M= M= TIME. day of the week (loan from Ngbandi, cf. Kamanda 1998: 653). > > >=A >=A >=A >=A TIME. Monday. > > > > > 5= 5= 5= 5= TIME. Tuesday. > > > @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K TIME. Friday. > > > L== L== L== L== TIME. Thursday. > > > LJ LJ LJ LJ TIME. Wednesday. > > @ @ @ @ n. locust. #0515. > > C C C C n. bracelet, ring, lip ring. #0797, 0803, 0833. > > HKK( HKK( HKK( HKK( n. porcupine. #0451. > > 5= 5= 5= 5= NUM. two, second. #1524 (two). > > > JK JK JK JK Morph: > > (?)-KJK KJK n. deaf, deaf man. #0236, 0279. > > M= M= M= M= Variant: > > n. nasal mucus. #0113. > > > > @(= @(= @(= @(= J( J( J( J( v. imitate. #1424. > > > > KK KK KK KK v. incite. #1244. >C >C >C >C n. compound, home. #0859, 0868. >= >= >= >= n. priest, Catholic (loan from French abbey?). >> >> >> >> n. termite. >(C=( >(C=( >(C=( >(C=( Morph: (>( (>(-=(C=( (>( (>( =(C=( =(C=( =(C=( n. material inside bamboo. >(M >(M >(M >(M n. python. #0453. > > > > n. tobacco. #0850. >K >K v. make black. #1571. BK(>=@= K(>=@= K(>=@= K(>=@= PN. the Mono-Bubanda dialect and people. >K@K( >K@K( n. buttocks, back, rear, bottom. PREP. at the bottom. #0008, 0021. >K= >K= >K= >K= Morph: K>K K>K-== K>K == == == n. blindness, blind man. #0234, 0274. >KJ5 >KJ5( >KJ5 >KJ5 Morph: K>K K>K-(?). K>K Variants: =>KJ5( =>KJ5(, =>KJ5( =>KJ5( @=>KJ5( @=>KJ5(. @=>KJ5( @=>KJ5( TIME. darkness, night. #0763, 0774. — — =( =(- =( =( PREP. at (cf. Cloarec-Heiss 1986: 272). =(=J =(=J =(=J =(=J Morph: =( =(-=J =( =( =J =J =J LOC. low. #1782. 199
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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Figure 8.23: Waveform and spectrogr
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162: formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164: Figure 8.28: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 165 and 166: (1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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