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M M M M ADJ. hot. (( (( (( (( n. root. H H H H n. fat. #0890. ((H( ((H( ((H( ((H( =M=(JAH =M=(JAH =M=(JAH =M=(JAH Variant: H H H H n. honey. #0899. n. 1) word, news, message. 2) language, speech. 3) affair, problem. #1317. (( (( (( (( n. wailing, ululation (at funeral). #1315. =M= =M= =M= =M= C C C C n. command. #1297. == == == == C C C C n. language. #1300. AA AA AA AA n. innocent. #1659. C C C C n. law. #1301. KK KK KK KK n. speech. #1312. — — @ @ @ @ n. laziness. #1661. C C C C n. breastbone. (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( ADJ. hard, difficult, rough. n. elder brother. #0322, 1679. (C> (C>( (C> (C> ( ( ( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( n. medium sized river. (C>(MA (C>(MA (C>(MA (C>(MA PN. February. n. 1) tree, wood, club, cudgel, fetish. 2) medicine. #0590, 0729, 1034, 1169. C=BKHK C=BKHK n. pestle. 5 55 5 n. thorn-tree. #0589. (( (( (( (( KK KK KK KK n. poison. #0830. Variant: = = = = n. epilepsy, malice. (( (( (( (( n. 1) skin (of man), shell, hide (of animal), body. 2) health, male, color. #0014, 0086, 0556, 0842, 1041, 1559 (( (( (( (( == == == == n. eyelid. #0033. (( (( (( (( == == == == n. lip. #0062. (( (( (( (( == == == == K K K K n. beak, bill. #0529. (( (( (( (( = =>K@K( = =>K@K( >K@K( >K@K( n. color of white man’s skin, pink. #1564. (( (( (( (( >=(C=H= >=(C=H= n. bull. #0469. (( (( (( (( C>=C= C>=C= n. shell of groundnut. #0641. (( (( (( (( A( A( A( A( n. skin (fruit). #0642. AC= AC= AC= AC= n. small drum. #1148. (( (( (( (( =CA( =CA( =CA( =CA( n. corn husk. #0631. (( (( (( (( J5=( J5=(=B( J5=( J5=(=B( =B( =B( ADJ. blue. #1562. ((( ((( ((( ((( >K@K( >K@K( >K@K( >K@K( n. coconut palm. #0575. H H H H n. skull. #0087. n. 1) sun. 2) time, hour. #0721, 0768, 0781. AC= AC= AC= AC= TIME. Sunday. F(I F(I F(I F(I TIME. Saturday. F F F F TIME. all day. #0762. ADJ. soft, easy. #1690. (( (( (( (( n. laughter. @ @ @ @ n. pasture. #0873. C C C C n. breast, udder. #0018, 0546. C C C C n. beehive. #0549. 226
(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>( =(C>( =(C>( =(C>( n. banana, plantain. #0592, 0616. (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( >KMAA >KMAA >KMAA >KMAA n. type of plantain. C> C> C> C> == == == == n. small, sweet banana. H H H H n. speed. #1774, 1821. (H( (H( (H( (H( ADJ. tough (food). I I I I n. elephant trunk. #0533. I I I I n. pus. #0225. 5 5 5 5 Variant: 5 5 5 5 n. soil, earth, ground, land, floor, mud. #0680, 0686, 1084. 5 5 5 5 =@KC>KC>K =@KC>KC>K =@KC>KC>K =@KC>KC>K n. slime. #0714. 5 5 5 5 =@= =@= =@= =@= n. wall, brick. 5 5 5 5 @ @ @ @ n. fertile soil. #0668. J5 J5 J5 J5 n. character. ADJ. delicious. (J5( (J5( (J5( (J5( ADJ. good. (J5( (J5( (J5( (J5( IK IK IK IK n. generosity. #1364. ((H( ((H( ((H( ((H( ADJ. dry. n. crust. #0924, 1644, 1688. ((H( ((H( ((H( ((H( =( =( =( =( n. piece of paper, book (lit. dry leaf). — F — F= F= F= v. say, speak. F=( F=( F=( Variant: =( =( PREP. on, above, over. F= F= @KHK( @KHK( v. chat. #1330. F= F= B B B B v. tell someone. #1357. F= F= @( @( @( @( v. announce. #1321. F= F= @(= @(= @(= @(= v. tell. F= F= @(= @(= @(= @(= Morph: F= F= F= (@( (@(-== (@( (@( == ==- == v. explain, teach. #1335. F= F= CC CC CC CC v. stutter. #1354. F= F= F= F=H F=H F=H F=H v. gossip. #1336. F= F= M== M== M== M== v. lie (tell lies). #1344. F= F= KC>= KC>= KC>= KC>= Morph: KC>= KC>=- KC>= KC>= v. divine. #1186. F= F= v. say, speak, talk. #1350, 1353, 1356. F=C=J= F=C=J= F=C=J= Variant: F==J= F==J= F==J= F==J= v. forbid, prevent, prohibit. #1235, 1262. P=(A =(A =(A =(A PN. Easter (loan from French Pâques). F=(KK( F=(KK( F=(KK( F=(KK( n. parrot. #0448. F== F== F== F== v. interlace. #1008. F=(= F=(= F=(= F=(= Morph: F=( F=(-== F=( == == == n. forehead. #0043. F=C= F=C= F=C= F=C= n. house corner. n. hip. F=F=( F=F=( F=F=( F=F=( n. papaya (loan from French papaye). #0614. F=H= F=H= v. look for. #1430. F=H=( F=H=( ADJ2. every, entire. F=H= F=H= =M =M =M =M v. fetch firewood. #0998. F=H=( F=H=( (( (( (( (( ADV. everything, all, altogether. #1629, 1667. F=H= F=H= J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( Variant: F=H= F=H= J5=(CK(HK( J5=(CK(HK( v. choose. #1409. F=(H=(C F=(H=(C F=(H=(C F=(H=(C n. cockroach. #0505. FA FA v. winnow, blow, fan. #0992, 1922, 1934. FA FA FA M M M M v. work the bellows. #1118. FA= FA= FA= FA= n. navel (normal). #0070. FA(A(= FA(A(= FA(A(= FA(A(= n. 1) bud. 2) n. stopper. #0629, 0846. 227
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286: in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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