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element in the Romance NSLs (lui-même). But French strong pronominals function as
anaphors, 40 as is clear from the following example:
(55) Jean parle de lui (-même)
J. speaks about lui (-même)
'J. speaks about himself/him (himself)'
Therefore, we can argue, our prediction that French uses anaphoric (reflexive) elements
in these constructions is not falsified, it is only vacuously fulfilled (obviously, emphatic I-
subjects cannot be reflexive clitics, because clitics cannot be emphatic). However, there is
positive evidence that our claim is accurate: in French, when the subject is of a certain
quantificational type (tout le monde 'everybody', chacun 'each person', on 'one', personne
'nobody', nul 'no', PROArb, etc.), the strong reflexive is soi(-même) (see 0.a)), and correspondingly
the emphatic I-subject is soi -même (see 0.b)):
(56) a. On a parlé de soi(-même)
On has spoken about soi(-même)
'One has spoken about oneself'
b. On l'a fait soi(-même)
On it-has done soi(-même)
'One has done it oneself'
40 See Zribi-Hertz (1990-a/-b) for a more accurate
characterization of lui(-même) elements. Zribi-Hertz (p.c.)
points out to me that simply saying these elements are anaphoric
(and pronominal at the same time) is too simplistic. I agree,
but my essential point is that whatever is used as a reflexive
anaphor in object position will be also used as an anaphoric Isubject.
I can remain neutral w.r.t. what apparently
pronominal/anaphor-neutral elements actually are. I will
nonetheless suggest an account for the existence neutral forms
in Chapter 4, section 2.1.2.
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