Introduction to Fire Safety Management
Introduction to Fire Safety Management
Introduction to Fire Safety Management
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<strong>Introduction</strong> <strong>to</strong> <strong>Fire</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> <strong>Management</strong><br />
the time between the fi re starting and people beginning<br />
<strong>to</strong> evacuate was considerably longer than 30 seconds.<br />
The enquiries suggest that early and informative warning<br />
of the public is an absolutely critical aspect of any building<br />
evacuation management system. When dealing with<br />
the evacuation of large numbers of the public it is also<br />
vital that there is effi cient communications between<br />
staff.<br />
Stakeholding<br />
The time that individuals take <strong>to</strong> respond <strong>to</strong> a fi re situation,<br />
the pre-movement behaviour and the time taken<br />
<strong>to</strong> travel can be seriously affected by any stake that the<br />
person may feel they have in the outcome of a fi re. For<br />
example:<br />
Financial stake – if a person is liable <strong>to</strong> losses of<br />
money as a result of a fi re they are likely <strong>to</strong> be motivated<br />
<strong>to</strong> attempt <strong>to</strong> either fi ght the fi re or salvage valuable<br />
assets. Enquiries in<strong>to</strong> fi res indicate that having even a<br />
relatively small fi nancial stake in the outcome of a fi re<br />
has led people <strong>to</strong> lose their lives. There is an example<br />
where the evacuation of a restaurant was delayed<br />
because the cus<strong>to</strong>mers had paid for their meal and were<br />
determined <strong>to</strong> eat it rather than respond immediately <strong>to</strong><br />
a fi re alarm.<br />
Moral stake – if it is apparent that there may be loss<br />
of life at a fi re, individuals will be motivated <strong>to</strong> attempt <strong>to</strong><br />
save people who are endangered. It is not only human<br />
life that people are willing <strong>to</strong> delay their own evacuation<br />
for, attempts <strong>to</strong> save animals, particularly family<br />
pets, often result in people risking their lives rather than<br />
getting <strong>to</strong> a place of safety.<br />
Legal stake – if a person feels that they may be<br />
liable <strong>to</strong> be subjected <strong>to</strong> legal action as a result of a fi re,<br />
Figure 10.10 Having a fi nancial stake in the outcome<br />
can affect people’s reaction <strong>to</strong> a fi re<br />
246<br />
they can be motivated <strong>to</strong> make attempts <strong>to</strong> minimise the<br />
impact of the fi re. There are numerous examples where<br />
there have been signifi cant delays in raising the alarm<br />
and/or calling the fi re service because an individual has<br />
accidentally or negligently started the fi re for which he<br />
knows he may well be sued or prosecuted.<br />
<strong>Fire</strong> effl uent and/or heat<br />
People may be exposed <strong>to</strong> one or all of the following<br />
three main categories of fi re dynamics: fl ames, smoke<br />
and heat. In a major fi re disaster any one or combination<br />
of these exposures affects people’s ability <strong>to</strong> react effectively<br />
<strong>to</strong> the situation.<br />
Flames – exposure can be minimal, i.e. seeing the<br />
fi re. Greater exposure will cause burns and can be life<br />
threatening.<br />
Smoke – there is a strong relationship between<br />
visibility and disinclination <strong>to</strong> move through smoke. The<br />
general indication is that visibility has <strong>to</strong> be reduced<br />
before people begin <strong>to</strong> be strongly deterred.<br />
The majority of people become less inclined <strong>to</strong><br />
move through smoke when it is described by them as<br />
‘thick’ or ‘black’. This has been estimated <strong>to</strong> be when<br />
visibility through smoke has been reduced <strong>to</strong> a minimum<br />
of approximately 0–5 m.<br />
Case studies of fi res have further shown that the<br />
fl oor a person is located on and the thickness of smoke<br />
conditions have a major infl uence on the likelihood of<br />
a person using a room as a refuge and waiting for fi re<br />
brigade rescue.<br />
Heat – there are fi re emergencies when people will<br />
become aware of an increase in temperature. Exposure<br />
<strong>to</strong> heat is most likely for those who are in the vicinity of<br />
the origin of the fi re. Heat is a physiological stressor and<br />
can be life threatening.<br />
It is important <strong>to</strong> include the likely effects of<br />
exposures <strong>to</strong> fi re effl uent and heat in both minor and major<br />
fi re emergencies when devising evacuation procedures.<br />
Building design features<br />
The building design will determine the travel distances<br />
<strong>to</strong> reach a place of safety and therefore evacuation time.<br />
The key characteristics of a building that impact upon<br />
people’s ability <strong>to</strong> evacuate in time of an emergency are:<br />
➤ Use of the building<br />
➤ Dimensions of the building, including the number of<br />
fl oors<br />
➤ Layout of the building, for example individuals’ premovement<br />
times are less variable in an open plan<br />
setting such as offi ces, theatres, etc., than in other<br />
settings<br />
➤ Building services – including method of detection,<br />
provision of warnings and fi re safety management<br />
systems