Introduction to Fire Safety Management

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Index Fencing, as a security strategy, 144 Final exit, defi ned, 173 Fire: defi ned, 1, 116 see also Arson Fire alarm panels, 228–9 typical zone plan adjacent to, 229 zones, effective, 229 Fire alarm verifi ers: deployment and training, 257 role, 257 specifi c duties, 42, 257 Fire alarms, delay in reacting to, 189 Fire appliances: not standardised in the UK, 232 typical route specifi cation for, 232 Fire, chemistry of, 116–21 the chemical process, 120–1 conditions, 120–1 fi repoint, 120–1 fl ashpoint, 120 spontaneous ignition/auto-ignition temperature, 121 vapour density, 121 vapour pressure, 121 fi re initiation, 118–19 other common sources of heat in the workplace, 118–19 sources of ignition, 118 fi re triangle, 116–17 main elements of fi re process, 117 fuel sources, 119–20 dusts, 120 gases, 120 liquids, fl ammable, 119, 120 oxygen, 120 solids, 119 stages of combustion, 117–18 effects of smouldering, 118 endothermic reaction, 118 fl ashover, serious risk during fully developed stage, 117 process is exothermic, 117–18 rate of reaction and heat output, 118 Fire classifi cation, 121–2 none for electrical fi res, 122 Fire compartment, defi ned, 173 Fire detection and alarm systems, 225–6 automatic fi re detection installations, 173 automatic, types of, 226 benefi ts of automatic systems, 225–6 larger premises require automatic systems, 225 RRFSO and MHSWR require employers to have adequate emergency arrangements, 225 Fire detection methods, 226–8 aspirating smoke detectors, 227–8 automatic, 227 ionisation units, 227 optical units smoke detectors, 227 beam smoke detectors, 227 fl ame detectors, 228 408 heat detectors, 227 linear heat detecting cable (LHDC), 228 integrating and non-integrating cable, 228 manual, 226 Fire doors, 182–3 common requirements for, 183 fi re resistance of certifi ed in BS 476, 182 inspections of, 183 marking regime suggested in BS 8214:1990, 183 release mechanisms, 173 self-closing, 205 see also emergency escape doors, securing mechanisms; escape exits Fire drills, 253–4 advantages of, 253 conducted on a six monthly basis, 253–4 debrief is a critical element, 254 purpose of, 261 and training, reviews, 279, 283 Fire effl uent and/or heat, exposure to, 246 fl ames, 246 heat, 246 smoke, 246 Fire, environmental impact of, 312–27 containing water runoff, 318–21 emergency containment systems, 318–19 emergency material and equipment, 319–20 waste management, 320 containing water runoff fi re fi ghting strategies and run-off management, 320–1 legal obligations related to environmental protection, 314–15 Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999 (COMAH), 315 Pollution Prevention and Control Act 1999, 315 surface water drainage, 315 Water Industry Act 1991, 314–15 preplanning to minimise environmental impact, 315–18 emergency procedures, 316–17 incident response plan (IRP), 316, 324–7 training to support the IRP, 317–18 sources of pollution in the event of fi re, 312–14 Fire and explosion, principles of, 116–35 chemistry of fi re, 116–21 classifi cation of fi re, 121–2 explosion, 127–34 principles of fi re spread, 122–6 see also Explosion Fire fi ghters: power in emergencies, 354 power to obtain information, 354 supplementary powers, 354–5 Fire fi ghting, in basements, 234–5, 236 Fire fi ghting equipment, portable, 221–5 extinguishing equipment, 222–5 managing portable equipment, 225 siting, 223, 225 for dealing with specifi c fi re risks, 223, 225 for general protection, 223 mounting, 223, 225 types, 222–3 AFFF, 222 carbon dioxide (C02), 222–3 dry powder, 222 foam, 222 water, 222 wet chemical, 223 types and uses, 224 Fire fi ghting strategies and run-off management, 320–1 allowance for fi re fi ghting agents: design of remote and combined systems, 321 in designing on-site bund capacity, 321 Fire fi ghting systems, fi xed, 216–21 automatic water sprinklers, 217–21 types of, 218–19 drenchers, 219–20 fl ooding and inerting systems, 220–1 water mist systems, 221 water supplies, 217–18 control valves, 217–18 pipes, 217 Fire fi ghting water/foam run-off, 313–14 Fire hazard, 328 Fire and health and safety, failure to manage, 21–5 court structure, 22 fi nancial consequences, 24–5 fi nancial costs to industry, 26 legal consequences, 21–3 appeals, 23 civil court system, 21 criminal court system, 21 enforcement arrangements, 21–2 fi re fi ghters’ switches for luminous discharge tubes, 23 fi re safety alterations notices, 23 fi re safety enforcement notice, 23 health and safety and fi re safety prohibition notices, 23 health and safety improvement notice, 22 powers of inspectors/enforcers, 23 prosecutions, 23–4 by enforcement authorities, 23 Fire and health and safety, legal framework for regulation of, 4–21 civil law, 5, 18–21 defences against compensation claims due to negligence, 20–1 Limitations Act 1980 applies, 21 negligence, 18–20 criminal law, 5, 6–8
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Introduction to Fire Safety Managem
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Introduction to Fire Safety Managem
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Contents PREFACE ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Contents 9.4 Building construction
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Preface Introduction to Fire Safety
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About the authors Andrew Furness is
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Illustrations credits Figure 5.1 Co
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Illustrations credits Principles of
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Fire safety foundations To enable s
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There can also be signifi cant emot
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REDUNDANCIES REDUCED CASH FLOW INCR
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If a prosecution is brought for a b
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Figure 1.11 Employers are responsib
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Health and safety arrangements Empl
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fi re specifi c issues that the RRF
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Door closer Fire door Keep shut Fig
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Figure 1.19 Stair lift in situation
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So, whom would she sue for her loss
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Once the court has established negl
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Figure 1.25 Powers of enforcement a
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140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Figure 1.
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External factors Internal factors A
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the company had fully complied with
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Figure 2.1 ACoP of Management of he
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The organisation element of a safet
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detached building, which included o
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Organising for safety 3.1 Introduct
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Directors and senior managers often
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➤ Ensuring access and egress and
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Table 3.1 A summary of individuals
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and inform employers and other self
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Figure 3.8 Safety representatives h
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➤ To consider enforcing authority
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If a piece of work equipment that i
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4. First aid information 5. Fire fi
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Figure 3.13 Designers have a respon
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3.11 Example NEBOSH questions for C
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Safety culture 4.1 Introduction The
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There are various ‘safety climate
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the culture because if there is dis
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Communication is defi ned as: The i
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emergency medical care and rescue w
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on how much people will remember. A
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Individual factors affecting the sc
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on the culture of an organisation.
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Figure 4.11 Consultation with emplo
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esponsibilities are added such as a
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4.9 Human failure Human beings are
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safety in a way that takes their wh
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Principles of risk assessment 5.1 I
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5.2.6 Risk control systems (RCS) Th
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➤ Safety representatives ➤ Desi
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➤ Location inspection: ➤ Site s
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There are a number of methods for e
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Semi-quantitative analysis The use
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the risk controls, particularly wit
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the hazards that arise from the act
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No. Hazards Persons at risk Risk ra
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General principles of control 6.1 I
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Consultation and the arrangements f
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needs. This assessment must also ta
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High 100% Level of supervision Low
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Table 6.1 Sources of information av
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The documentation should be written
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their condition. Once these often l
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The HSE inspector dealing with the
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OXYGEN Always present in the air Ad
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➤ Boilers, internal combustion en
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capable of producing more vapour th
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unburnt fuel (unburnt products of p
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include basements. On these occasio
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7.5 Explosion As the terminology su
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substance in air may cause an explo
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can be broken down into primary and
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Nozzle Ignition Supressor Pressure
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huge fl ammable gas cloud and that
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Number 25 20 15 10 5 0 Electrical C
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8.1.5 Chemical and LPG (hazardous m
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The selection of incorrect plant an
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Flammable substances Risks arise fr
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Arson also often occurs during tea
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Business operations and activities
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Causes and prevention of fi re Tabl
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Figure 8.16 External tank facility
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Figure 8.19 Example of suitable fl
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Ventilation of storage areas Ventil
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➤ All soft furnishings within the
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LPG powered vehicles are becoming m
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Figure 8.28 Site rules poster The c
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Table 8.4 Electrical safety on cons
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Figure 8.30 Tar boiler used to heat
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Appendix 8.1 Example hot work permi
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Appendix 8.2 Example hot work check
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Fire Protection Causes and preventi
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Backdraught - an explosive reaction
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the design and construction of the
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SC SC Fire door Fire-resisting wall
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Figure 9.9 Class A - complete non-c
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potential to reduce the performance
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Table 9.2 Examples of the marking r
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In many cases services and the hole
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inter -mediate standard but small r
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Evacuation time Evacuation procedur
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total uncontrolled evacuation. Typi
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Table 9.5 Density factors given in
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A x B A - B = Stage 1 B - C = Stage
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stairs 3 Actual Travel Distance Dir
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stairs FIRE WALL space in these are
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A A B 45 (2.5 distance CB) B Figu
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this situation it will be necessary
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Therefore all dead-end corridors th
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Number of escape stairs needed is d
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Figure 9.46 Metal fi re escape abov
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Figure 9.50 Sprinklers that moderat
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Table 9.10 Categorisation of emerge
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Sign, Colour & Pictogram Descriptio
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factors all of which should be iden
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are used to prevent accidental disc
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Figure 9.66 Typical warning sign to
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Control valve Valve spring Discharg
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1.5 m 35m Figure 9.72 Plan drawing
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Figure 9.74 Proprietary device for
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All such systems, including the ins
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during periods of sleep (hotels, ho
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➤ A fl oor above 7.5 metres if it
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Less than 50m Dry riser inlet Figur
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9.7 Example questions for Chapter 9
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Appendix 9.2 Limitations on travel
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Detection - is the process of recei
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to the escape routes. Examples of p
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assistance to use the means of esca
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➤ Emergency management strategy
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In the early morning of 22 August 1
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➤ Assisting the safety briefi ng
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signal and be suffi ciently differe
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Fire wardens/marshals Role - the te
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when required. In order to achieve
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equires that employers make what is
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Figure 10.30 Visual and audible com
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were recovering while a disaster fu
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8. Could you raise the alarm if you
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Location: Inspected by: Safety of p
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Figure 11.2 The outcome of a failur
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Each of these factors must be inclu
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Figure 11.5 Records should be kept
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Table 11.3 Overview of a typical in
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➤ Scoping the audit: ➤ This is
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installations, etc. together with c
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When establishing its risk manageme
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Monitoring, auditing and reviewing
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12.1.1 Reasons for investigating fi
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Reactive monitoring - reporting, re
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The amount of time spent on gatheri
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12.1.6 Internal systems for managin
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Dangerous occurrences - any dangero
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Table 12.7 The Fire and Rescue Serv
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Report of Fire KEY Tick the appropr
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Figure 12.15 Appropriate PPE requir
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In any event, clearing the site of
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Part A Reactive monitoring - report
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1 2 Reactive monitoring - reporting
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Figure 13.1 The environmental impac
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Figure 13.3 Contaminated water foll
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available and the nature of any inc
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Figure 13.7 Portable tank mounted o
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Figure 13.11 Fire fi ghting run-off
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Environmental impact of fi re Phosp
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2. EMERGENCY CONTACT DETAILS Emerge
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Environmental impact of fi re 4. CH
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14.2.5 Risk control systems (RCS) A
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14.3.2 Recording the assessment A r
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should be implemented to reduce the
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Figure 14.4 Aerosol container noted
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Worked example 5 - Persons cannot s
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The contents of an emergency plan h
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No. Secondary hazards Persons Risk
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No. Secondary hazards Persons Risk
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Summary of key legal requirements T
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Anyone who designs, manufactures, i
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Table 15.1 Offences and penalties r
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pollution control (IPC), and those
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undertakers to ensure an adequate s
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➤ Require any person present on t
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15.11.1 Regulation 3 - The meaning
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Child resistant A closure which mee
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15.3.1 Defi nitions The following d
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➤ Allowing suffi cient time withi
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15.14.6 Stability of structures All
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15.14.20 Fresh air Suitable and suf
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Table 15.3 General criteria for sit
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➤ Where the substance is hazardou
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Where the employer can demonstrate
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(c) the circumstances of the work i
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15.18.2 Systems, work activities an
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➤ Appliances must be so designed
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15.22 The Health and Safety (First-
Page 798: Where the review identifi es that c
Page 802: 15.24.12 Employees’ duties - regu
Page 806: The regulations may be divided into
Page 810: ➤ Appropriate protection measures
Page 814: A competent person can only be rega
Page 818: ➤ Any person not at work sufferin
Page 822: ➤ Post a notice stating the compo
Page 826: A copy of the technical fi le must
Page 830: ➤ Separate for men and women (exc
Page 834: OPSI The Offi ces of Public Sector
Page 838: Index Accident, defi ned, 1 Acciden
Page 842: CGE (confi ned gas explosion), 127,
Page 846: safety role and responsibilities va
Page 852: Index Fire risk assessment process
Page 856: Index Hazardous Installation Direct
Page 860: Index Montreal Protocol, 221 Motiva
Page 864: Index Risk matrix: for determining
Page 868: Index SSOW (Safe systems of work),
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