gambling in alberta - Research Services - University of Lethbridge

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and health practices’, and b) the 2008 and 2009 surveys where problem gambling questions were only administered to people who reported a minimal amount of gambling involvement (e.g., 1/month on some form). In general, research indicates that these latter procedures produce more accurate rates of problem gambling (Williams & Volberg, 2009, 2010) (thus, surveys in other years are producing rates that are slightly higher than ‘true’ rates). Three different problem gambling assessment instruments have been used in the Alberta population surveys: the South Oaks Gambling Scale (using a past year time frame) (Lesieur & Blume, 1987), the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (Ferris & Wynne, 2001), and the Problem and Pathological Gambling Measure (PPGM) (see Appendix E) (Williams & Volberg, 2010). The PPGM is a relatively new instrument that has been tested and refined over the past 8 years by Dr. Robert Williams (unpublished data). It has 4 categories of Recreational Gambler, At Risk Gambler, Problem Gambler, and Pathological Gambler (with the latter two groups being collectively identified as ‘problem gamblers’). In a large scale validation study involving a sample of 7,273 individuals from 105 countries (including 977 clinically assessed problem gamblers), the PPGM evidenced good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .81), as well as good concurrent validity by virtue of its significant correlation with scores on other problem gambling instruments (Pearson correlation of .75 with the SOGS, .70 with the CPGI, and .82 with the NODS) (Williams & Volberg, 2010). Most importantly, however, the problem/nonproblem categorizations of the PPGM have considerably higher correspondence to clinically assessed problem/nonproblem categorizations than either the CPGI, SOGS, or NODS (all 4 instruments were administered to these 7,273 individuals). 72 The sensitivity of the PPGM is 99.7%, specificity is 98.9%, positive predictive power is 93.5%, negative predictive power is 99.9%, overall diagnostic efficiency is 99.0%, and the ratio of instrument identified problem gamblers relative to clinically assessed problem gamblers is 1.07 (Williams & Volberg, 2010). 73 This strong association with clinically assessed problem gambling is largely due to the PPGM’s comprehensive assessment of all potential harms of gambling, the fact that designation as a problem gambler requires evidence of gambling-related harm plus evidence of impaired control (to better correspond to the most commonly accepted definition of problem gambling, Neal, Delfabbro, & O’Neil, 2005), and assessment procedures that significantly reduce the presence of both false positives and false negatives (see scoring details of the PPGM in Appendix E for further details). Also, unlike other instruments, the classification accuracy of the PPGM is unaffected by the age, gender, and ethnic origins of the sample (Williams & Volberg, 2010). 72 Clinicians were asked to ascertain the presence or absence of features that would classify the person as a problem or nonproblem gambler as defined by the definition put forward by Neal, Delfabbro, & O’Neil (2005). 73 By comparison, the CPGI 3+ has 91.2% sensitivity, 85.5% specificity, 49.4% positive predictive power, 98.4% negative predictive power, 86.3% diagnostic efficiency, and a ratio of instrument assessed PG prevalence over clinically assessed PG prevalence of 1.9. The traditional CPGI 8+ threshold for problem gambling has a 44.4% sensitivity, 99.2% specificity, 89.9% positive predictive power, 92.0% negative predictive power, 91.9% diagnostic efficiency, and a ratio of instrument assessed PG prevalence over clinically assessed PG prevalence of 0.49. 164
Williams & Volberg (2010) also calculated conversion factors that can be used to estimate what rates using one instrument are likely to be if another instrument had been used. Although these projected estimates are affected to some extent by response rates and weighting, they nonetheless provide a rough estimate that is useful for comparison purposes. This is the procedure that has been used in the present study to convert SOGS and CPGI rates to PPGM rates for all assessment years. In addition, a CPGI 5+ rate has also been calculated, as this research has determined that a score of 5 or higher is the optimal cut-off point for the designation of problem gambling so as to maximize classification accuracy (Williams & Volberg, 2010). 74 Results are contained in Table 39. Bracketed numbers represent figures that have been estimated based on this conversion procedure. There are several important observations that can be derived from this table. First, regardless of which year is examined, the overall prevalence of problem gambling is low (less than 4%). To put this in context, in 2004 approximately 7.6% of Albertans aged 15+ reported that alcohol had caused some harm for them in the past year and 2.8% reported that illicit drug use had caused some harm in the past year (AADAC, 2006). Second, despite quite dramatic increases in per adult gambling expenditures from 1993 to 2009 (see earlier Figure 17, p. 95) as well as significant increased availability of EGM and casino gambling (see earlier Figures 7 to 13, p. 62 - 70), there is no evidence that problem gambling rates have increased in this same time period. If anything, problem gambling prevalence was higher in 1993 compared to the present time. (Note: although there were no problem gambling prevalence surveys prior to 1993, it is reasonable to speculate that the ‘peak’ rate might have been sometime between 1993 to 1996, as this was coincident with the rapid introduction of VLTs from 1992 to 1996, a doubling of the number of casinos/RECs from 7 to 14, and the period with the most dramatic rise in per capita gambling expenditure). Table 39: Prevalence of Problem Gambling in Alberta among Adults (18+) as a Function of Year and Assessment Instrument. SURVEY YEAR 1993 1998 2001 2002 2007 2008 2009 SAMPLE SIZE 1804 1821 1804 3394 680 3001 1054 SOGS 3+ 5.4% 4.8% -- -- -- -- -- CPGI 5+ (3.7%) (3.3%) 2.7% 1.7% 1.4% 1.8% 2.5% PPGM (3.9%) (3.4%) (2.8%) (1.8%) 1.3% 2.1% 3.1% No data weighting occurred in the 1993 and 1998 surveys. However, there was less need for weighting because of good response rates (50% in 1993 and 67% in 1998) as well as a good match between the obtained sample and demographic characteristics of Albertans. Data in 2001 was weighted by age x gender (not done in the original 2001 report). Data in 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 were weighted by household size and age x gender. Note: the 2008 PPGM rate of problem gambling represents ~58,000 problem gamblers in Alberta and the 2009 rate represents ~ 87,000 problem gamblers. 74 Use of a CPGI 5+ threshold for problem gambling results in a 74.2% sensitivity, 95.6% specificity, 72.5% positive predictive power, 96.0% negative predictive power, 92.8% diagnostic efficiency, and a ratio of instrument assessed PG prevalence over clinically assessed PG prevalence of 1.02. 165
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Plant fertilizer 2011 GAMBLING IN A
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Citation Williams, R.J., Belanger,
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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ABSTRACT At a provincial level, the
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Alberta is estimated to have 3,755,
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than empirical in nature. Thus, the
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While the above described approach
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census. A supplemental Online Gener
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THEORETICAL APPROACH PROBLEMS WITH
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Aside from these practical issues,
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SOUND PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING SOC
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Again, other ways of organizing and
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4. The transfer of wealth and chang
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Compare Changes to those Observed i
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to document prior gambling opportun
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Mid 1700s to late 1800s 1869 - 1892
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Cheating at gambling (Part XXVIII F
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1924 Criminal Code amendment to s.9
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1957 Western Canadian Racing Associ
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1980s There is a major expansion of
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1989 In June the Criminal Code of C
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1997 AGLC allows the number of slot
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2003 Federal agriculture minister m
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HISTORY OF EACH TYPE OF GAMBLING Th
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Number of Live Race Days per Year I
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Table 1: Total Raffle Licences per
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Table 2: Total Pull-Ticket Licences
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Table 3: Total Bingo Licences per Y
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Table 5: Total Bingo Events per Yea
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Table 6: Total Lottery Ticket Retai
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Video Lottery Terminals (VLTs) In A
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Table 8: Total Video Lottery Locati
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1996 Slot machines and electronic h
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The main indices that speak to chan
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Table 12: Total Charitable Casino L
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REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTO
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HISTORY OF FIRST NATIONS COMMERCIAL
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CURRENT REGULATION, AVAILABILITY, A
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aggregate value of all tickets sold
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ALBERTA GOVERNMENT GAMBLING The Cri
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CASINOS Traditional Casinos Casinos
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percentage of table game revenue re
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Figure 15. Location of Current and
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HORSE RACING Horse racing is the on
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Bingo Lotteries and Instant Win (Sc
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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Another way of looking at the overa
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increase has occurred since the ear
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WHERE IS THE MONEY COMING FROM? As
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Figure 20: Proportion of Alberta Ne
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Origin of Net Gambling Revenue by D
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Table 18: Past Year Gambling Partic
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EGM Players Table 20 shows reasonab
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Table 21: Percentage of Each Type o
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winsorized then 75% of reported exp
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Table 22a: Demographic Profile of t
Page 113 and 114: patronage and revenue. Attendance f
Page 115 and 116: However, less important than the ac
Page 117 and 118: Because of the paramount importance
Page 119 and 120: Actual Revenue Another source of da
Page 121 and 122: Figure 25: Average Ticket Lottery R
Page 123 and 124: WHERE IS THE MONEY GOING? The final
Page 125 and 126: industry. The proportion of gamblin
Page 127 and 128: Table 27: Grants Awarded by Alberta
Page 129 and 130: since 1999; 47% of all revenue in 2
Page 131 and 132: IMPACTS OF LEGAL GAMBLING IMPACTS O
Page 133 and 134: ‘addicted to gambling revenue’.
Page 135 and 136: Several factors influence the perce
Page 137 and 138: There are also some important lesso
Page 139 and 140: Figure 30: Proportion of Total Net
Page 141 and 142: Figure 31: Number of Charities per
Page 143 and 144: IMPACTS ON SOCIETY The citizens of
Page 145 and 146: Number of Alberta Gambling Employee
Page 147 and 148: Table 34: North American Industry C
Page 149 and 150: Table 35: Importance of Gambling as
Page 151 and 152: percentage of the population (i.e.,
Page 153 and 154: Table 37: Household Past Year Repor
Page 155 and 156: 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
Page 157 and 158: Although Albertans are satisfied wi
Page 159 and 160: A final attitude question asked in
Page 161 and 162: Figure 41: What sort of overall imp
Page 163: Prevalence Problem Gambling and Rel
Page 167 and 168: Features of Problem Gamblers The ty
Page 169 and 170: significant change in reported casi
Page 171 and 172: Table 43: Gambling and Problem Gamb
Page 173 and 174: their shared variance is taken into
Page 175 and 176: Treatment Numbers and Costs Treatme
Page 177 and 178: The only readily available figures
Page 179 and 180: OSB reports there were a total of 7
Page 181 and 182: Table 49: Consumer Insolvency Rates
Page 183 and 184: Another approach is to establish th
Page 185 and 186: that gambling had resulted in separ
Page 187 and 188: Applying these prevalence rates to
Page 189 and 190: gambling-related illegal acts and 8
Page 191 and 192: It is important to remember that th
Page 193 and 194: Table 52: Criminal Charges Laid by
Page 195 and 196: early 1990s, that was followed by a
Page 197 and 198: Table 54: Correlation between Crime
Page 199 and 200: Infrastructure Value The private se
Page 201 and 202: With respect to this first possibil
Page 203 and 204: increase in the comparison periods;
Page 205 and 206: Census Division Table 57: Business
Page 207 and 208: versus 2.2%). Commercial insolvency
Page 209 and 210: thinking in an interpretative act;
Page 211 and 212: The Edmonton mayor indicated he bel
Page 213 and 214: Several community representatives a
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daytime usage ... if it’s shoppin
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Increased crime was a related issue
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IMPACT ON FIRST NATIONS The impact
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Table 59: Use of First Nations Char
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Table 60: Distributions to Differen
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Table 60 illustrates that the large
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McKay, Heart Lake and the Athabasca
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Geographical Distribution As seen i
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Figure 51: Average Per Community FN
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Employment and Income Impacts of Fi
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etter skilled individuals in the co
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Problem Gambling A recent review of
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Table 65: Prevalence of Problem Gam
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$500 chip. One municipal official c
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Both the increased affluence and th
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The Enoch Cree Nation has to pay ba
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The fire department also represents
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chances. One official stated that t
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With the exception of 2006-2007, th
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Post-Script: Barriers to Participat
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(Indian Act, 1985). The latter coul
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SUMMARY Research Approach The prese
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1% (or less) of Alberta GDP since t
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can be said of charitable gambling
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Because revenue from charity casino
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Socioeconomic Inequality Alberta ga
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Despite the relatively low rates of
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supplies/equipment or to reinvest i
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Some of these sentiments tend to su
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communities highlight the casinos a
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ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL IMPACTS O
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2. The economic activity increases
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OVERALL SOCIAL IMPACTS Legalized ga
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OVERALL IMPACTS At a provincial lev
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however, that the potential for bri
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REFERENCES Abbott, M.W., Williams,
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Centre for Social and Health Outcom
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Jackson, D. (2010). VLT critic call
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Purdy, C. (2004). Band stakes its f
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Walker, D.M. (2008a). Challenges th
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2008 Survey APPENDICES Appendix A:
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General Population Targeted INELIGI
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are interested in the opinions of b
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PAST YEAR GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR GY1a.
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GY6a. In the past 12 months, how of
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Cash Casino - Red Deer (15) Jackpot
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GY10a. In the past 12 months, how o
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GY14a. In the past 12 months, what
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GP4. CPGI4/PPGM8b. In the past 12 m
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GP11b. In the past 12 months has ga
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GP16a. PPGM8c. In the past 12 month
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The following question only asked o
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TRIANGULATION (ONLINE PANEL ONLY) T
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Exact amount________________ (17) U
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2009 Survey The 2009 survey was als
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C11. Do you have pleasant memories
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SURVEY YEAR 1992 1993 1995 1996 199
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2008 2008 2009 2009 Williams, Belan
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1 Medicine Hat 2 Lethbridge 3 Fort
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8. In the past 12 months, have you
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Appendix F: Alberta’s Economic Re
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7. A thorough due diligence investi
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