gambling in alberta - Research Services - University of Lethbridge

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opening the band built 26 new homes with 10 more foundations in place, and it was expected that the wait list would dissolve within 5 years. Costs per 1,200-square-foot unit were between $250,000-$300,000, with Indian and Northern Affairs Canada providing $50,000 per unit under a federal housing grant program, capped at $7.5 million. Prior to the casino opening, there were 1,500 members in fewer than 250 homes (Komarnicki, 2007). Contractors on the project are hiring almost exclusively band members as trades people. Gambling revenues fund reserve road paving programs, to enhance Tsuu T’ina language programs, and to finance university educations. In April 2009, Tsuu T’ina officials announced that impressive returns would lead to casino floor expansion and a hotel and entertainment complex within two years (CBC News, 2009). The Tsuu T’ina council has approved construction of a new 16,000 square foot building to house the tribal police force. According to Manywounds, “We’ll help you start a business, we’ll give you career options, we’ll have a job for every person on reserve but if you’re expecting to sit on your couch and collect thousands of dollars a month it’s not gonna happen.” The Grey Eagle Casino’s success did however impact local non-Native charities. APTN reported one case in which two-day charity casino in the first quarter of 2007 raised just over $94,000. During the same quarter for 2008 that same 2-day casino brought in just over $77,000. Tsuu T’ina has arguably benefitted the most from the FNDF and its associated charity. Since opening the casino, 84 grants have been made to fund local projects, a total of $65,738,888, ranging from providing band housing to improving the community recreation centre to repairing elevators in various buildings. Additional police officers have been hired, school trips paid for, various administrative departments funded outright, and roadways upgraded. According to community spokesperson Peter Manywounds, “Every single Tsuu T’ina person who’s qualified to go to post-secondary education at whatever institution is gonna go because of the amount of revenue. Last year we had 85 qualified applicants who couldn’t go because there was no money. What a change in one year.” In early 2009, the band spent nearly $2 million in casino-derived cash on post-secondary and reserve education. For the latter, several hundred thousand was used to purchase weight lifting equipment, pay teachers' assistants, build a computer lab and offer expanded trades and extra-curricular programs (CBC News, 2009). In January 2010, the Tsuu T'ina Nation unveiled a new $4 million community fire department, funded largely from Grey Eagle Casino gambling revenues. Established after the City of Calgary indicated that it could not guarantee fire protection services for the new casino, 20 firefighters (10 are from Tsuu T’ina) boasting new equipment including an aerial apparatus, a pumper truck, water tanker and a grass fire truck were expected to drastically reduce local response times, in certain cases by as much as 75%. Anticipating one day that all the firefighters would be from Tsuu T’ina, Chief Sandford Big Plume added, “Tsuu T'ina is one of the few First Nations in Canada to have stand-alone police and fire service—something the nation should be proud of” (Komarnicki, 2010). 246
The fire department also represents the political freedom associated with a successful casino project. City of Calgary officials in 2007 informed band officials that they did not have the manpower and equipment to guarantee service to the casino, and that any such agreement with the Tsuu T’ina would be on a cost-recovery basis. City officials concluded that fire service for the casino would cost $2.6 million a year (Calgary Herald, 2008). Rather than pay this fee, the Tsuu T’ina applied FNDF funding to develop their own fire service. Gambling revenue may have also allowed the Tsuu T’ina to resist pressure to sell some reserve land to Calgary for $275 million to allow Calgary to complete a ring road around the city. The Tsuu T’ina indicated a willingness to negotiate access, on the condition that they controlled the road and its parallel development, a demand Calgary officials refused. The negotiations reached their nadir in July 2009, when 60% of Tsuu T’ina voters cast ballots opposing land sale for ring road expansion. Financial freedom in this instance led to political agency, and the ability to self-govern notwithstanding outside political pressure. The First Nation added 4 additional police officers, and the Tsuu T’ina Police Service has established good working relationships with neighbouring police services. There has been a limited volume of casino calls thus enabling the police to spend greater time servicing the community. There is local pride in a police service that in 2009 became only one of five provincial police services to achieve 100% compliance with the Alberta Provincial Policing Standards. Officials reported few criminal incidences related to the casino. The main concerns are related to the potential for drinking and driving. Also, few band members patronize the casino: most customers are from Calgary and return to the city after leaving the casino. Although it has yet to impact the community, casino managers and the Tsuu T’ina police are aware of street level gang activity that is anticipated to eventually penetrate the reserve through the casino. They have also encountered outlaw motorcycle gangs on the reserve. There is no housing nearby the casino for reserve residents, who make up a minor portion of the patrons and a significant employee complement. Anticipated Impacts Stoney: Stoney Nakoda Resort The patronage for the Stoney Nakoda Resort was anticipated to come from the roughly 18,000 cars that pass by the casino on a daily basis travelling on the Trans-Canada Highway. The $27 million casino and hotel resort was expected to employ 200, of which 40% were to be First Nations (CBC News, 2008). At the time of the casino opening, the reserve had an 80% unemployment rate (Remington, 2008). The bulk of gambling revenues were slated for housing, social services, and education programs. The casino was expected to draw upwards of 400,000 visitors while generating approximately $23.8 million in net revenues the first year to the small community of 4,000 living on the Morley, Rabbit Lake, Eden Valley, and Big Horn 247
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Plant fertilizer 2011 GAMBLING IN A
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Citation Williams, R.J., Belanger,
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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ABSTRACT At a provincial level, the
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Alberta is estimated to have 3,755,
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than empirical in nature. Thus, the
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While the above described approach
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census. A supplemental Online Gener
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THEORETICAL APPROACH PROBLEMS WITH
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Aside from these practical issues,
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SOUND PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING SOC
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Again, other ways of organizing and
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4. The transfer of wealth and chang
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Compare Changes to those Observed i
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to document prior gambling opportun
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Mid 1700s to late 1800s 1869 - 1892
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Cheating at gambling (Part XXVIII F
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1924 Criminal Code amendment to s.9
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1957 Western Canadian Racing Associ
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1980s There is a major expansion of
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1989 In June the Criminal Code of C
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1997 AGLC allows the number of slot
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2003 Federal agriculture minister m
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HISTORY OF EACH TYPE OF GAMBLING Th
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Number of Live Race Days per Year I
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Table 1: Total Raffle Licences per
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Table 2: Total Pull-Ticket Licences
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Table 3: Total Bingo Licences per Y
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Table 5: Total Bingo Events per Yea
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Table 6: Total Lottery Ticket Retai
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Video Lottery Terminals (VLTs) In A
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Table 8: Total Video Lottery Locati
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1996 Slot machines and electronic h
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The main indices that speak to chan
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Table 12: Total Charitable Casino L
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REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTO
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HISTORY OF FIRST NATIONS COMMERCIAL
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CURRENT REGULATION, AVAILABILITY, A
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aggregate value of all tickets sold
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ALBERTA GOVERNMENT GAMBLING The Cri
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CASINOS Traditional Casinos Casinos
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percentage of table game revenue re
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Figure 15. Location of Current and
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HORSE RACING Horse racing is the on
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Bingo Lotteries and Instant Win (Sc
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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Another way of looking at the overa
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increase has occurred since the ear
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WHERE IS THE MONEY COMING FROM? As
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Figure 20: Proportion of Alberta Ne
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Origin of Net Gambling Revenue by D
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Table 18: Past Year Gambling Partic
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EGM Players Table 20 shows reasonab
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Table 21: Percentage of Each Type o
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winsorized then 75% of reported exp
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Table 22a: Demographic Profile of t
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patronage and revenue. Attendance f
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However, less important than the ac
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Because of the paramount importance
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Actual Revenue Another source of da
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Figure 25: Average Ticket Lottery R
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WHERE IS THE MONEY GOING? The final
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industry. The proportion of gamblin
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Table 27: Grants Awarded by Alberta
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since 1999; 47% of all revenue in 2
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IMPACTS OF LEGAL GAMBLING IMPACTS O
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‘addicted to gambling revenue’.
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Several factors influence the perce
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There are also some important lesso
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Figure 30: Proportion of Total Net
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Figure 31: Number of Charities per
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IMPACTS ON SOCIETY The citizens of
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Number of Alberta Gambling Employee
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Table 34: North American Industry C
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Table 35: Importance of Gambling as
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percentage of the population (i.e.,
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Table 37: Household Past Year Repor
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40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
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Although Albertans are satisfied wi
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A final attitude question asked in
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Figure 41: What sort of overall imp
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Prevalence Problem Gambling and Rel
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Williams & Volberg (2010) also calc
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Features of Problem Gamblers The ty
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significant change in reported casi
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Table 43: Gambling and Problem Gamb
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their shared variance is taken into
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Treatment Numbers and Costs Treatme
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The only readily available figures
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OSB reports there were a total of 7
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Table 49: Consumer Insolvency Rates
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Another approach is to establish th
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that gambling had resulted in separ
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Applying these prevalence rates to
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gambling-related illegal acts and 8
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It is important to remember that th
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Table 52: Criminal Charges Laid by
Page 195 and 196: early 1990s, that was followed by a
Page 197 and 198: Table 54: Correlation between Crime
Page 199 and 200: Infrastructure Value The private se
Page 201 and 202: With respect to this first possibil
Page 203 and 204: increase in the comparison periods;
Page 205 and 206: Census Division Table 57: Business
Page 207 and 208: versus 2.2%). Commercial insolvency
Page 209 and 210: thinking in an interpretative act;
Page 211 and 212: The Edmonton mayor indicated he bel
Page 213 and 214: Several community representatives a
Page 215 and 216: daytime usage ... if it’s shoppin
Page 217 and 218: Increased crime was a related issue
Page 219 and 220: IMPACT ON FIRST NATIONS The impact
Page 221 and 222: Table 59: Use of First Nations Char
Page 223 and 224: Table 60: Distributions to Differen
Page 225 and 226: Table 60 illustrates that the large
Page 227 and 228: McKay, Heart Lake and the Athabasca
Page 229 and 230: Geographical Distribution As seen i
Page 231 and 232: Figure 51: Average Per Community FN
Page 233 and 234: Employment and Income Impacts of Fi
Page 235 and 236: etter skilled individuals in the co
Page 237 and 238: Problem Gambling A recent review of
Page 239 and 240: Table 65: Prevalence of Problem Gam
Page 241 and 242: $500 chip. One municipal official c
Page 243 and 244: Both the increased affluence and th
Page 245: The Enoch Cree Nation has to pay ba
Page 249 and 250: chances. One official stated that t
Page 251 and 252: With the exception of 2006-2007, th
Page 253 and 254: Post-Script: Barriers to Participat
Page 255 and 256: (Indian Act, 1985). The latter coul
Page 257 and 258: SUMMARY Research Approach The prese
Page 259 and 260: 1% (or less) of Alberta GDP since t
Page 261 and 262: can be said of charitable gambling
Page 263 and 264: Because revenue from charity casino
Page 265 and 266: Socioeconomic Inequality Alberta ga
Page 267 and 268: Despite the relatively low rates of
Page 269 and 270: supplies/equipment or to reinvest i
Page 271 and 272: Some of these sentiments tend to su
Page 273 and 274: communities highlight the casinos a
Page 275 and 276: ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL IMPACTS O
Page 277 and 278: 2. The economic activity increases
Page 279 and 280: OVERALL SOCIAL IMPACTS Legalized ga
Page 281 and 282: OVERALL IMPACTS At a provincial lev
Page 283 and 284: however, that the potential for bri
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES Abbott, M.W., Williams,
Page 287 and 288: Centre for Social and Health Outcom
Page 289 and 290: Jackson, D. (2010). VLT critic call
Page 291 and 292: Purdy, C. (2004). Band stakes its f
Page 293 and 294: Walker, D.M. (2008a). Challenges th
Page 295 and 296: 2008 Survey APPENDICES Appendix A:
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General Population Targeted INELIGI
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are interested in the opinions of b
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PAST YEAR GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR GY1a.
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GY6a. In the past 12 months, how of
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Cash Casino - Red Deer (15) Jackpot
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GY10a. In the past 12 months, how o
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GY14a. In the past 12 months, what
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GP4. CPGI4/PPGM8b. In the past 12 m
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GP11b. In the past 12 months has ga
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GP16a. PPGM8c. In the past 12 month
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The following question only asked o
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TRIANGULATION (ONLINE PANEL ONLY) T
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Exact amount________________ (17) U
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2009 Survey The 2009 survey was als
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C11. Do you have pleasant memories
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SURVEY YEAR 1992 1993 1995 1996 199
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2008 2008 2009 2009 Williams, Belan
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1 Medicine Hat 2 Lethbridge 3 Fort
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8. In the past 12 months, have you
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Appendix F: Alberta’s Economic Re
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7. A thorough due diligence investi
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