gambling in alberta - Research Services - University of Lethbridge

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sample size of the Targeted Population Survey in 2008 was 4,512, with a response rate of 23.3%. The sample size in 2009 was 3,624 with a response rate of 24.1%. A final strategy is to use data obtained from the population surveys to conduct multivariate statistical analysis (logistic regression) to determine which things best differentiate problem gamblers from nonproblem gamblers, with a particular interest in the relative importance of residential proximity to gambling compared to the other known correlates of problem gambling (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, presence of other addictions, mental health problems, etc.). However, while this technique will identify the relative importance of gambling availability/proximity as a predictor of gambling and problem gambling, the causal connection is still ambiguous because of the correlational nature of the data set. In most jurisdictions, including Alberta, the presence and concentration of gambling opportunities is directly related to their utilization. Video lottery terminals (VLTs) are a good example of this in that every year VLTs in the locations producing the lowest revenue are removed and relocated to locations having greater revenue potential. Key Informant Interviews and Focus Groups As we have indicated, a focused examination of changes occurring in communities receiving new casinos is both an important methodological strategy by which to measure impacts, as well as being one of the more important results within our larger mandate. While much of this data will be available from our first three methodological strategies, there was value in supplementing this with qualitative information obtained through key informant interviews and focus groups. Thus, we met with representatives of each of these 20 communities that host casinos in Alberta (mayors; municipal/band council; police; social services) to solicit and record their general thoughts about the nature and magnitude of any impacts they have observed. Particular attention was given to communities that recently received casinos. In addition, focus groups were held on the Alexis First Nation and the Cold Lake First Nation to ascertain community sentiments about their new casino. 16
THEORETICAL APPROACH PROBLEMS WITH EXISTING APPROACHES TO ASSESSING SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS The specific theoretical approach used to study the effects of gambling is a fundamentally important determinant of the results obtained, as well as the validity of these results. Unfortunately, there is considerable controversy about the appropriate theoretical and methodological approach to studying gambling impacts. These issues have been the focus of conferences (‘Whistler Symposium’ in British Columbia in 1999, the ‘Social and Economic Costs and Benefits of Gambling’ conference in Banff, Alberta in 2006); special issues of the Journal of Gambling Studies (June 2003) and the Managerial and Decision Economics Journal (June 2004); books (Grinols, 2004; Morse & Goss, 2007; Walker, 2007); and many individual articles (Anielski & Braatan, 2008; Australian Productivity Commission, 1999; Azmier, Kelley, Todosichuk, 2001; Barretta, 2004; Centre for Social & Health Outcomes Research & Evaluation, 2006; Collins & Lapsley, 2003; Committee on the Social and Economic Impact of Pathological Gambling, 1999; Eadington, 2003; Gerstein, Volberg, Harwood, & Christiansen, 2004; Grinols, 2007; Grinols & Mustard, 2001; 2008; Grinols & Omorov, 1996; Hawke, 2000; Hayward & Colman, 2004; Henriksson, 2001; Kindt, 2003; Marfels, 1998; McGowan, 1999; O’Neil, Chandler, & SA Centre for Economic Studies, 2009; Persky, 1995; Single, 2003; Stevens & Williams, 2004; Victorian Gambling Research Panel, 2001; Walker, 2003a, 2004, 2008a, 2008c, 2008d; Williams, 2011; Wynne & Shaffer, 2003). Despite all of this work there is still not an agreed upon approach for assessing the socioeconomic impacts of gambling. There remain several contentious issues, with one of the central ones being how to capture and quantify the social impacts (Collins & Lapsley, 2003; Eadington, 2003; Walker, 2003a, 2008a, 2008b, 2008c). Some impact studies of gambling have simply ignored social impacts, choosing to only measure the most apparent and obvious economic benefits that are easily quantifiable (e.g., gambling revenue, tax revenue, employment numbers). Examples include Arthur Anderson’s (1997) study of U.S. casino gambling, Littlepage et al.’s (2004) study of riverboat gambling in Indiana, studies of the economic impacts of racinos in Ontario (Brinkman & Weersink, 2004; Econometric Research Limited, 2005), and the Canadian Gaming Association’s analysis of the impacts of gambling in Canada (HLT Advisory, 2008). However, this creates a very unbalanced analysis in that the positive economic impacts are not evaluated in the context of the negative social impacts. By way of example, it would be inappropriate if socioeconomic analyses of the effects of alcohol or tobacco just focused on the tax revenues, employment gains, support to the agricultural sector, and failed to mention the negative social impacts caused by consumption. However, failing to measure social impacts is not an infrequent occurrence in the socioeconomic analysis of gambling. 17
Page 1 and 2: Plant fertilizer 2011 GAMBLING IN A
Page 3 and 4: Citation Williams, R.J., Belanger,
Page 5 and 6: AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT At a provincial level, the
Page 9 and 10: Alberta is estimated to have 3,755,
Page 11 and 12: than empirical in nature. Thus, the
Page 13 and 14: While the above described approach
Page 15: census. A supplemental Online Gener
Page 19 and 20: Aside from these practical issues,
Page 21 and 22: SOUND PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING SOC
Page 23 and 24: Again, other ways of organizing and
Page 25 and 26: 4. The transfer of wealth and chang
Page 27 and 28: Compare Changes to those Observed i
Page 29 and 30: to document prior gambling opportun
Page 31 and 32: Mid 1700s to late 1800s 1869 - 1892
Page 33 and 34: Cheating at gambling (Part XXVIII F
Page 35 and 36: 1924 Criminal Code amendment to s.9
Page 37 and 38: 1957 Western Canadian Racing Associ
Page 39 and 40: 1980s There is a major expansion of
Page 41 and 42: 1989 In June the Criminal Code of C
Page 43 and 44: 1997 AGLC allows the number of slot
Page 45 and 46: 2003 Federal agriculture minister m
Page 47 and 48: HISTORY OF EACH TYPE OF GAMBLING Th
Page 49 and 50: Number of Live Race Days per Year I
Page 51 and 52: Table 1: Total Raffle Licences per
Page 53 and 54: Table 2: Total Pull-Ticket Licences
Page 55 and 56: Table 3: Total Bingo Licences per Y
Page 57 and 58: Table 5: Total Bingo Events per Yea
Page 59 and 60: Table 6: Total Lottery Ticket Retai
Page 61 and 62: Video Lottery Terminals (VLTs) In A
Page 63 and 64: Table 8: Total Video Lottery Locati
Page 65 and 66: 1996 Slot machines and electronic h
Page 67 and 68:
The main indices that speak to chan
Page 69 and 70:
Table 12: Total Charitable Casino L
Page 71 and 72:
REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTO
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HISTORY OF FIRST NATIONS COMMERCIAL
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CURRENT REGULATION, AVAILABILITY, A
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aggregate value of all tickets sold
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ALBERTA GOVERNMENT GAMBLING The Cri
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CASINOS Traditional Casinos Casinos
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percentage of table game revenue re
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Figure 15. Location of Current and
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HORSE RACING Horse racing is the on
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Bingo Lotteries and Instant Win (Sc
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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Another way of looking at the overa
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increase has occurred since the ear
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WHERE IS THE MONEY COMING FROM? As
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Figure 20: Proportion of Alberta Ne
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Origin of Net Gambling Revenue by D
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Table 18: Past Year Gambling Partic
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EGM Players Table 20 shows reasonab
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Table 21: Percentage of Each Type o
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winsorized then 75% of reported exp
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Table 22a: Demographic Profile of t
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patronage and revenue. Attendance f
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However, less important than the ac
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Because of the paramount importance
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Actual Revenue Another source of da
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Figure 25: Average Ticket Lottery R
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WHERE IS THE MONEY GOING? The final
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industry. The proportion of gamblin
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Table 27: Grants Awarded by Alberta
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since 1999; 47% of all revenue in 2
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IMPACTS OF LEGAL GAMBLING IMPACTS O
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‘addicted to gambling revenue’.
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Several factors influence the perce
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There are also some important lesso
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Figure 30: Proportion of Total Net
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Figure 31: Number of Charities per
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IMPACTS ON SOCIETY The citizens of
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Number of Alberta Gambling Employee
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Table 34: North American Industry C
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Table 35: Importance of Gambling as
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percentage of the population (i.e.,
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Table 37: Household Past Year Repor
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40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
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Although Albertans are satisfied wi
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A final attitude question asked in
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Figure 41: What sort of overall imp
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Prevalence Problem Gambling and Rel
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Williams & Volberg (2010) also calc
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Features of Problem Gamblers The ty
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significant change in reported casi
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Table 43: Gambling and Problem Gamb
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their shared variance is taken into
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Treatment Numbers and Costs Treatme
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The only readily available figures
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OSB reports there were a total of 7
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Table 49: Consumer Insolvency Rates
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Another approach is to establish th
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that gambling had resulted in separ
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Applying these prevalence rates to
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gambling-related illegal acts and 8
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It is important to remember that th
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Table 52: Criminal Charges Laid by
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early 1990s, that was followed by a
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Table 54: Correlation between Crime
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Infrastructure Value The private se
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With respect to this first possibil
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increase in the comparison periods;
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Census Division Table 57: Business
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versus 2.2%). Commercial insolvency
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thinking in an interpretative act;
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The Edmonton mayor indicated he bel
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Several community representatives a
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daytime usage ... if it’s shoppin
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Increased crime was a related issue
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IMPACT ON FIRST NATIONS The impact
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Table 59: Use of First Nations Char
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Table 60: Distributions to Differen
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Table 60 illustrates that the large
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McKay, Heart Lake and the Athabasca
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Geographical Distribution As seen i
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Figure 51: Average Per Community FN
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Employment and Income Impacts of Fi
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etter skilled individuals in the co
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Problem Gambling A recent review of
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Table 65: Prevalence of Problem Gam
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$500 chip. One municipal official c
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Both the increased affluence and th
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The Enoch Cree Nation has to pay ba
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The fire department also represents
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chances. One official stated that t
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With the exception of 2006-2007, th
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Post-Script: Barriers to Participat
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(Indian Act, 1985). The latter coul
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SUMMARY Research Approach The prese
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1% (or less) of Alberta GDP since t
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can be said of charitable gambling
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Because revenue from charity casino
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Socioeconomic Inequality Alberta ga
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Despite the relatively low rates of
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supplies/equipment or to reinvest i
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Some of these sentiments tend to su
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communities highlight the casinos a
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ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL IMPACTS O
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2. The economic activity increases
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OVERALL SOCIAL IMPACTS Legalized ga
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OVERALL IMPACTS At a provincial lev
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however, that the potential for bri
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REFERENCES Abbott, M.W., Williams,
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Centre for Social and Health Outcom
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Jackson, D. (2010). VLT critic call
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Purdy, C. (2004). Band stakes its f
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Walker, D.M. (2008a). Challenges th
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2008 Survey APPENDICES Appendix A:
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General Population Targeted INELIGI
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are interested in the opinions of b
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PAST YEAR GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR GY1a.
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GY6a. In the past 12 months, how of
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Cash Casino - Red Deer (15) Jackpot
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GY10a. In the past 12 months, how o
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GY14a. In the past 12 months, what
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GP4. CPGI4/PPGM8b. In the past 12 m
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GP11b. In the past 12 months has ga
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GP16a. PPGM8c. In the past 12 month
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The following question only asked o
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TRIANGULATION (ONLINE PANEL ONLY) T
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Exact amount________________ (17) U
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2009 Survey The 2009 survey was als
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C11. Do you have pleasant memories
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SURVEY YEAR 1992 1993 1995 1996 199
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2008 2008 2009 2009 Williams, Belan
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1 Medicine Hat 2 Lethbridge 3 Fort
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8. In the past 12 months, have you
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Appendix F: Alberta’s Economic Re
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7. A thorough due diligence investi
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