gambling in alberta - Research Services - University of Lethbridge

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Slot Machines, Table Games, and Casinos In Alberta, ‘slot machines’ are primarily defined as electronic gambling machines that are located in casinos or horse race tracks (REC). Because they are electronic devices they have to be directly managed by the provincial government (AGLC). However, charity groups are able to directly manage casino table games. The main changes concerning slot machines, table games, and casinos in terms of legal regulation and provision have been as follows: 1900 - 1910 Slot machines start appearing in Alberta bars and pool rooms. Their legality is unclear with some courts contending that their use constituted operating a common gaming house, as the owner of the machine gains financially from their presence. Some other legal opinions consider them to be illegal lottery contrivances. 1923 Alberta introduces the Slot Machine Tax Act requiring a $50 annual licence for each automated or mechanical machine. (Many municipalities had slot machine licensing fees in place prior to 1923). 1924 Criminal Code amendment to indicate that an automated machine (‘slot machine’) that produces uncertain outcomes is deemed to be a contrivance for playing a game of chance and therefore the premises in which it is located is an illegal common gaming house. Alberta enacts the ‘Slot Machine Act’ banning automated machines that provide monetary prizes or something intended to be exchanged for money, regardless of whether the machine also provided goods (e.g., gum) or services (e.g., music). (This latter condition intended to prohibit slot machines that tried to circumvent the law by also providing goods or services) 1952 Further refinement of the definition of a slot machine in the Alberta Slot Machine Act to specifically exclude vending machines and juke boxes from the definition (however, ‘pinball machines’ were included (and therefore prohibited) as they did not provide anything back). 1953 Criminal Code amendment indicating that any place with a slot machine shall be conclusively presumed to be a common gaming house (and therefore, illegal). 1967 Casino table games offered for the first time by Edmonton’s Northlands Park in the Silver Slipper Saloon during the week-long Klondike Days fair (using the long-standing Criminal Code exemption of agricultural fairs/exhibitions being able to offer lottery schemes). 1969 Criminal Code amendment to permit the operation of lottery schemes by the federal government or provincial governments. Provincial governments, in turn, could issue a gaming licence to charitable or religious organizations, agricultural fairs or exhibitions, or any individual. 1975 Alberta Attorney General begins to grant multi-day casino licences to charities. The Edmonton Kinsmen Club holds Alberta’s first multi-day charity casino event (providing table games). 1980 Alberta’s first permanent casino (Cash Casino) opens in Calgary. This is a privately owned venue contracted to provide space and services for short-term charity, religious or agricultural casino events (this becomes the operational template for all subsequent permanent casinos in the province). 1985 Amendment to the Criminal Code gives exclusive ability to operate ‘lottery schemes’ to the provinces. This same legislation limits the conduct and management of lottery schemes operated on or through a computer, video device or slot machine just to provincial governments. 1988 Alberta Gaming Commission increases the number of allowable casinos per week (4 to 8), the betting limit (increased to $50), and the number of blackjack tables permitted in a casino. 1989 Alberta’s first casino expressly built for the purpose of providing casino gambling opens in Calgary (now Elbow River Casino). 1995 Poker introduced to casinos. 64
1996 Slot machines and electronic horse racing games 25 are introduced into Alberta’s casinos. Slot machines are also introduced to Northlands Park in Edmonton as part of an initiative to revitalize the horse racing industry. This is the province’s first ‘Racing Entertainment Centre’ (REC). 1997 AGLC allows number of slot machines in casinos to be doubled, hours for table games to be extended by 1 hour to maximum of 14, for alcohol to be served on the gaming floor, and for casinos to operate on Sundays. 1999 Moratorium on new Alberta casinos or further gambling expansion pending the results of the Gaming Licensing Policy Review. Criminal Code amendment ends the prohibition against dice games. The dice game ‘craps’ is introduced to some casinos. 2000 Casino self-exclusion program implemented, as is casino employee staff training to promote responsible gambling. 2001 AGLC introduces a First Nations Gaming Policy, allowing the potential development of First Nations casinos located on reserve land that would operate under the same terms and conditions as off-reserve casinos. A portion of slot revenue is to be allocated to a First Nations Development Fund to foster economic, social and community development within Alberta First Nations groups. 2002 Moratorium on new casinos removed on March 1 after AGLC develops a new 8-step process for casino approval and expansion. 2005 Electronic keno introduced to 9 casinos. 2006 River Cree Resort and Casino opens October 26 on the Enoch Reserve adjacent to the City of Edmonton. It is the province’s 1st First Nations casino. Responsible Gambling Information Centres (RGICs) first introduced (expanded to 15 casinos and 1 REC by 2009). The last electronic horse race game is removed from all casinos and RECs. 2008 All slot machines made coinless by March 2008 (a process that had begun the previous year). Electronic table games introduced into casinos (e.g., blackjack; poker; roulette) A more detailed chronology of the introduction of casinos to Alberta and their cumulative numbers is provided in Table 10. This table shows the introduction of ‘Traditional Casinos (T)’, ‘Racing Entertainment Centres (REC)’ (racetracks with slot machines, also known as ‘racinos’), and ‘First Nations Casinos (FN)’. 25 A miniaturized horse race game made by Sega Corporation. There are 10 seats around the machine where people place their bets on the (random) outcomes of the horses who move around the oval track. 65
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Plant fertilizer 2011 GAMBLING IN A
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Citation Williams, R.J., Belanger,
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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ABSTRACT At a provincial level, the
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Alberta is estimated to have 3,755,
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than empirical in nature. Thus, the
Page 13 and 14: While the above described approach
Page 15 and 16: census. A supplemental Online Gener
Page 17 and 18: THEORETICAL APPROACH PROBLEMS WITH
Page 19 and 20: Aside from these practical issues,
Page 21 and 22: SOUND PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING SOC
Page 23 and 24: Again, other ways of organizing and
Page 25 and 26: 4. The transfer of wealth and chang
Page 27 and 28: Compare Changes to those Observed i
Page 29 and 30: to document prior gambling opportun
Page 31 and 32: Mid 1700s to late 1800s 1869 - 1892
Page 33 and 34: Cheating at gambling (Part XXVIII F
Page 35 and 36: 1924 Criminal Code amendment to s.9
Page 37 and 38: 1957 Western Canadian Racing Associ
Page 39 and 40: 1980s There is a major expansion of
Page 41 and 42: 1989 In June the Criminal Code of C
Page 43 and 44: 1997 AGLC allows the number of slot
Page 45 and 46: 2003 Federal agriculture minister m
Page 47 and 48: HISTORY OF EACH TYPE OF GAMBLING Th
Page 49 and 50: Number of Live Race Days per Year I
Page 51 and 52: Table 1: Total Raffle Licences per
Page 53 and 54: Table 2: Total Pull-Ticket Licences
Page 55 and 56: Table 3: Total Bingo Licences per Y
Page 57 and 58: Table 5: Total Bingo Events per Yea
Page 59 and 60: Table 6: Total Lottery Ticket Retai
Page 61 and 62: Video Lottery Terminals (VLTs) In A
Page 63: Table 8: Total Video Lottery Locati
Page 67 and 68: The main indices that speak to chan
Page 69 and 70: Table 12: Total Charitable Casino L
Page 71 and 72: REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTO
Page 73 and 74: HISTORY OF FIRST NATIONS COMMERCIAL
Page 75 and 76: CURRENT REGULATION, AVAILABILITY, A
Page 77 and 78: aggregate value of all tickets sold
Page 79 and 80: ALBERTA GOVERNMENT GAMBLING The Cri
Page 81 and 82: CASINOS Traditional Casinos Casinos
Page 83 and 84: percentage of table game revenue re
Page 85 and 86: Figure 15. Location of Current and
Page 87 and 88: HORSE RACING Horse racing is the on
Page 89 and 90: Bingo Lotteries and Instant Win (Sc
Page 91 and 92: AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
Page 93 and 94: Another way of looking at the overa
Page 95 and 96: increase has occurred since the ear
Page 97 and 98: WHERE IS THE MONEY COMING FROM? As
Page 99 and 100: Figure 20: Proportion of Alberta Ne
Page 101 and 102: Origin of Net Gambling Revenue by D
Page 103 and 104: Table 18: Past Year Gambling Partic
Page 105 and 106: EGM Players Table 20 shows reasonab
Page 107 and 108: Table 21: Percentage of Each Type o
Page 109 and 110: winsorized then 75% of reported exp
Page 111 and 112: Table 22a: Demographic Profile of t
Page 113 and 114: patronage and revenue. Attendance f
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However, less important than the ac
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Because of the paramount importance
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Actual Revenue Another source of da
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Figure 25: Average Ticket Lottery R
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WHERE IS THE MONEY GOING? The final
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industry. The proportion of gamblin
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Table 27: Grants Awarded by Alberta
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since 1999; 47% of all revenue in 2
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IMPACTS OF LEGAL GAMBLING IMPACTS O
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‘addicted to gambling revenue’.
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Several factors influence the perce
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There are also some important lesso
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Figure 30: Proportion of Total Net
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Figure 31: Number of Charities per
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IMPACTS ON SOCIETY The citizens of
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Number of Alberta Gambling Employee
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Table 34: North American Industry C
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Table 35: Importance of Gambling as
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percentage of the population (i.e.,
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Table 37: Household Past Year Repor
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40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
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Although Albertans are satisfied wi
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A final attitude question asked in
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Figure 41: What sort of overall imp
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Prevalence Problem Gambling and Rel
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Williams & Volberg (2010) also calc
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Features of Problem Gamblers The ty
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significant change in reported casi
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Table 43: Gambling and Problem Gamb
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their shared variance is taken into
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Treatment Numbers and Costs Treatme
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The only readily available figures
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OSB reports there were a total of 7
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Table 49: Consumer Insolvency Rates
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Another approach is to establish th
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that gambling had resulted in separ
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Applying these prevalence rates to
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gambling-related illegal acts and 8
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It is important to remember that th
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Table 52: Criminal Charges Laid by
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early 1990s, that was followed by a
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Table 54: Correlation between Crime
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Infrastructure Value The private se
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With respect to this first possibil
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increase in the comparison periods;
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Census Division Table 57: Business
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versus 2.2%). Commercial insolvency
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thinking in an interpretative act;
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The Edmonton mayor indicated he bel
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Several community representatives a
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daytime usage ... if it’s shoppin
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Increased crime was a related issue
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IMPACT ON FIRST NATIONS The impact
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Table 59: Use of First Nations Char
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Table 60: Distributions to Differen
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Table 60 illustrates that the large
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McKay, Heart Lake and the Athabasca
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Geographical Distribution As seen i
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Figure 51: Average Per Community FN
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Employment and Income Impacts of Fi
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etter skilled individuals in the co
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Problem Gambling A recent review of
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Table 65: Prevalence of Problem Gam
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$500 chip. One municipal official c
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Both the increased affluence and th
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The Enoch Cree Nation has to pay ba
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The fire department also represents
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chances. One official stated that t
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With the exception of 2006-2007, th
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Post-Script: Barriers to Participat
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(Indian Act, 1985). The latter coul
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SUMMARY Research Approach The prese
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1% (or less) of Alberta GDP since t
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can be said of charitable gambling
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Because revenue from charity casino
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Socioeconomic Inequality Alberta ga
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Despite the relatively low rates of
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supplies/equipment or to reinvest i
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Some of these sentiments tend to su
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communities highlight the casinos a
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ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL IMPACTS O
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2. The economic activity increases
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OVERALL SOCIAL IMPACTS Legalized ga
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OVERALL IMPACTS At a provincial lev
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however, that the potential for bri
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REFERENCES Abbott, M.W., Williams,
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Centre for Social and Health Outcom
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Jackson, D. (2010). VLT critic call
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Purdy, C. (2004). Band stakes its f
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Walker, D.M. (2008a). Challenges th
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2008 Survey APPENDICES Appendix A:
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General Population Targeted INELIGI
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are interested in the opinions of b
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PAST YEAR GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR GY1a.
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GY6a. In the past 12 months, how of
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Cash Casino - Red Deer (15) Jackpot
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GY10a. In the past 12 months, how o
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GY14a. In the past 12 months, what
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GP4. CPGI4/PPGM8b. In the past 12 m
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GP11b. In the past 12 months has ga
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GP16a. PPGM8c. In the past 12 month
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The following question only asked o
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TRIANGULATION (ONLINE PANEL ONLY) T
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Exact amount________________ (17) U
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2009 Survey The 2009 survey was als
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C11. Do you have pleasant memories
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SURVEY YEAR 1992 1993 1995 1996 199
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2008 2008 2009 2009 Williams, Belan
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1 Medicine Hat 2 Lethbridge 3 Fort
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8. In the past 12 months, have you
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Appendix F: Alberta’s Economic Re
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7. A thorough due diligence investi
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