gambling in alberta - Research Services - University of Lethbridge

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community. However, the FNDF is being used to pay off the bulk of the non-gaming debt incurred. Because the bulk of the FNDF does not derive from First Nations residents, these structures, when debt free, do represent significant added wealth to each of these communities. Each of these 5 casinos required some infrastructure upgrades. These costs were built into the above-reported cost of each casino project. Some of these details are as follows. It was reported that the Enoch Cree Nation spent $11 million in upgrades that ranged from improving road access to augmenting local water delivery systems. The Cold Lake First Nations renovated its proposed casino location, a former oil field complex. The expansion of a section of Highway 28 is currently being completed that the FNDF funded for $848,551. The Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation spends $500/day to truck water to its casino site after an internal study determined this to be more feasible than constructing the required physical infrastructure to tap into the municipal system. Wells were dug for tasks such as laundry, and sewage is handled on site. At Whitecourt a passenger bus was purchased to shuttle reserve residents the 100 km back and forth to work daily. For the most part, many of these ‘infrastructure costs’ also represent infrastructure investment, in that they are things that add to the basic infrastructure assets of the community. Each First Nation must cover the costs for essential services such as emergency medical services or fire protection, by negotiating a municipal service agreement with the neighbouring municipality. Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation’s partner, Paragon Gaming, pays $90,000 annually for fire and ambulance services for the casino site. As of 2006 Enoch Cree Nation has been paying the city of Edmonton $1 million a year for fire and emergency services. Communities neighbouring the host-First Nations expressed fears that the casinos would lead to increased crime. A 2007 Criminal Intelligence Service of Alberta report entitled Report on Organized and Serious Crime confirmed “all 5 of the foregoing policing districts cite the construction of casino facilities on First Nation reserves”, adding that “experience has shown that the presence of casinos contributes to the need for policing” (Alberta, 2007, p.12). The AGLC responded by including as a condition for casino licensing that the Solicitor General’s office produce an enhanced policy analysis to determine if enhanced policing in each community was required, and that the host-First Nations adhere to the attendant recommendations. In each case the Solicitor General recommended each community obtain a minimum of 2 additional officers to assist in enforcement initiatives such as impaired driving, public disorder, drug enforcement, and gathering organized crime intelligence (Alberta, 2007). The Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation, the Stoney Nation, and the Cold Lake First Nations each purchased the services of 2 police officers, the Enoch First Nation purchased the services of 6 officers, and the Tsuu T’ina hired 4 additional officers, who are assigned to the Tsuu T’ina Nation Police Service. Each officer costs approximately $130,000. In total, assuming all officers would cost $130,000, the additional policing adds up to $2,080,000 annually. The Tsuu T’ina Nation also purchased two additional police cruisers for a total of $60,000. 236
Problem Gambling A recent review of the literature on gambling and problem gambling among North American First Nations people suggests that the prevalence of problem gambling among Aboriginal people is roughly 4 times higher than found in non-Aboriginal populations (Williams, Stevens, & Nixon, 2011). This is largely consistent with an earlier review of this evidence where the problem gambling prevalence rate was estimated at between 6.6% to 22% (Wardman, el- Guebaly & Hodgins, 2001). Indeed, the last large scale national study of gambling in Canada in 2002 showed that the Canadian provincial problem gambling prevalence rate was best predicted by proportion of the population with Aboriginal ancestry (Williams, West & Simpson 2007, 2008) (see Figure 52) . Figure 52: Aboriginal Ancestry as it Relates to Canadian Provincial Problem Gambling Prevalence in 2002 (from Williams et al., 2008). AB=Alberta; BC=British Columbia; MB=Manitoba; NF&L=Newfoundland & Labrador; NB=New Brunswick; NS=Nova Scotia; ONT=Ontario; PEI=Prince Edward Island; QU=Quebec; SK=Saskatchewan It is important to note that this high rate of problem gambling does not appear to be primarily due to being ‘Aboriginal’, but rather the fact that Aboriginal people have many more risk factors for problem gambling, which include greater overall participation, different beliefs about the forces and factors influencing the outcome of gambling, younger average age, and a host of unfavourable social conditions (e.g., poverty, unemployment, poor education, cultural stress, etc.) that encourage the development of addictive behaviours (Williams, Stevens, & Nixon, 2011). As an earlier multivariate analysis indicated (Table 45, p. 174), although being Aboriginal was an independent risk factor in being a problem gambler in 2008/2009, it was less important than lower income, less education, high levels of stress, and having mental health problems. 237
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Plant fertilizer 2011 GAMBLING IN A
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Citation Williams, R.J., Belanger,
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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ABSTRACT At a provincial level, the
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Alberta is estimated to have 3,755,
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than empirical in nature. Thus, the
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While the above described approach
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census. A supplemental Online Gener
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THEORETICAL APPROACH PROBLEMS WITH
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Aside from these practical issues,
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SOUND PRINCIPLES FOR CONDUCTING SOC
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Again, other ways of organizing and
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4. The transfer of wealth and chang
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Compare Changes to those Observed i
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to document prior gambling opportun
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Mid 1700s to late 1800s 1869 - 1892
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Cheating at gambling (Part XXVIII F
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1924 Criminal Code amendment to s.9
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1957 Western Canadian Racing Associ
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1980s There is a major expansion of
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1989 In June the Criminal Code of C
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1997 AGLC allows the number of slot
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2003 Federal agriculture minister m
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HISTORY OF EACH TYPE OF GAMBLING Th
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Number of Live Race Days per Year I
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Table 1: Total Raffle Licences per
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Table 2: Total Pull-Ticket Licences
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Table 3: Total Bingo Licences per Y
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Table 5: Total Bingo Events per Yea
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Table 6: Total Lottery Ticket Retai
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Video Lottery Terminals (VLTs) In A
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Table 8: Total Video Lottery Locati
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1996 Slot machines and electronic h
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The main indices that speak to chan
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Table 12: Total Charitable Casino L
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REGULATORY AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTO
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HISTORY OF FIRST NATIONS COMMERCIAL
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CURRENT REGULATION, AVAILABILITY, A
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aggregate value of all tickets sold
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ALBERTA GOVERNMENT GAMBLING The Cri
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CASINOS Traditional Casinos Casinos
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percentage of table game revenue re
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Figure 15. Location of Current and
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HORSE RACING Horse racing is the on
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Bingo Lotteries and Instant Win (Sc
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AMOUNTS, ORIGINS, AND RECIPIENTS OF
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Another way of looking at the overa
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increase has occurred since the ear
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WHERE IS THE MONEY COMING FROM? As
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Figure 20: Proportion of Alberta Ne
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Origin of Net Gambling Revenue by D
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Table 18: Past Year Gambling Partic
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EGM Players Table 20 shows reasonab
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Table 21: Percentage of Each Type o
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winsorized then 75% of reported exp
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Table 22a: Demographic Profile of t
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patronage and revenue. Attendance f
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However, less important than the ac
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Because of the paramount importance
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Actual Revenue Another source of da
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Figure 25: Average Ticket Lottery R
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WHERE IS THE MONEY GOING? The final
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industry. The proportion of gamblin
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Table 27: Grants Awarded by Alberta
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since 1999; 47% of all revenue in 2
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IMPACTS OF LEGAL GAMBLING IMPACTS O
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‘addicted to gambling revenue’.
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Several factors influence the perce
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There are also some important lesso
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Figure 30: Proportion of Total Net
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Figure 31: Number of Charities per
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IMPACTS ON SOCIETY The citizens of
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Number of Alberta Gambling Employee
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Table 34: North American Industry C
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Table 35: Importance of Gambling as
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percentage of the population (i.e.,
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Table 37: Household Past Year Repor
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40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% F
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Although Albertans are satisfied wi
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A final attitude question asked in
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Figure 41: What sort of overall imp
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Prevalence Problem Gambling and Rel
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Williams & Volberg (2010) also calc
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Features of Problem Gamblers The ty
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significant change in reported casi
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Table 43: Gambling and Problem Gamb
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their shared variance is taken into
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Treatment Numbers and Costs Treatme
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The only readily available figures
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OSB reports there were a total of 7
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Table 49: Consumer Insolvency Rates
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Another approach is to establish th
Page 185 and 186: that gambling had resulted in separ
Page 187 and 188: Applying these prevalence rates to
Page 189 and 190: gambling-related illegal acts and 8
Page 191 and 192: It is important to remember that th
Page 193 and 194: Table 52: Criminal Charges Laid by
Page 195 and 196: early 1990s, that was followed by a
Page 197 and 198: Table 54: Correlation between Crime
Page 199 and 200: Infrastructure Value The private se
Page 201 and 202: With respect to this first possibil
Page 203 and 204: increase in the comparison periods;
Page 205 and 206: Census Division Table 57: Business
Page 207 and 208: versus 2.2%). Commercial insolvency
Page 209 and 210: thinking in an interpretative act;
Page 211 and 212: The Edmonton mayor indicated he bel
Page 213 and 214: Several community representatives a
Page 215 and 216: daytime usage ... if it’s shoppin
Page 217 and 218: Increased crime was a related issue
Page 219 and 220: IMPACT ON FIRST NATIONS The impact
Page 221 and 222: Table 59: Use of First Nations Char
Page 223 and 224: Table 60: Distributions to Differen
Page 225 and 226: Table 60 illustrates that the large
Page 227 and 228: McKay, Heart Lake and the Athabasca
Page 229 and 230: Geographical Distribution As seen i
Page 231 and 232: Figure 51: Average Per Community FN
Page 233 and 234: Employment and Income Impacts of Fi
Page 235: etter skilled individuals in the co
Page 239 and 240: Table 65: Prevalence of Problem Gam
Page 241 and 242: $500 chip. One municipal official c
Page 243 and 244: Both the increased affluence and th
Page 245 and 246: The Enoch Cree Nation has to pay ba
Page 247 and 248: The fire department also represents
Page 249 and 250: chances. One official stated that t
Page 251 and 252: With the exception of 2006-2007, th
Page 253 and 254: Post-Script: Barriers to Participat
Page 255 and 256: (Indian Act, 1985). The latter coul
Page 257 and 258: SUMMARY Research Approach The prese
Page 259 and 260: 1% (or less) of Alberta GDP since t
Page 261 and 262: can be said of charitable gambling
Page 263 and 264: Because revenue from charity casino
Page 265 and 266: Socioeconomic Inequality Alberta ga
Page 267 and 268: Despite the relatively low rates of
Page 269 and 270: supplies/equipment or to reinvest i
Page 271 and 272: Some of these sentiments tend to su
Page 273 and 274: communities highlight the casinos a
Page 275 and 276: ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL IMPACTS O
Page 277 and 278: 2. The economic activity increases
Page 279 and 280: OVERALL SOCIAL IMPACTS Legalized ga
Page 281 and 282: OVERALL IMPACTS At a provincial lev
Page 283 and 284: however, that the potential for bri
Page 285 and 286: REFERENCES Abbott, M.W., Williams,
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Centre for Social and Health Outcom
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Jackson, D. (2010). VLT critic call
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Purdy, C. (2004). Band stakes its f
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Walker, D.M. (2008a). Challenges th
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2008 Survey APPENDICES Appendix A:
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General Population Targeted INELIGI
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are interested in the opinions of b
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PAST YEAR GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR GY1a.
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GY6a. In the past 12 months, how of
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Cash Casino - Red Deer (15) Jackpot
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GY10a. In the past 12 months, how o
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GY14a. In the past 12 months, what
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GP4. CPGI4/PPGM8b. In the past 12 m
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GP11b. In the past 12 months has ga
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GP16a. PPGM8c. In the past 12 month
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The following question only asked o
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TRIANGULATION (ONLINE PANEL ONLY) T
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Exact amount________________ (17) U
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2009 Survey The 2009 survey was als
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C11. Do you have pleasant memories
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SURVEY YEAR 1992 1993 1995 1996 199
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2008 2008 2009 2009 Williams, Belan
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1 Medicine Hat 2 Lethbridge 3 Fort
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8. In the past 12 months, have you
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Appendix F: Alberta’s Economic Re
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7. A thorough due diligence investi
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