John James Marshall thesis.pdf - OpenAIR @ RGU - Robert Gordon ...

General Motors to begin developing its first CAD/CAM system DAC-1 (Design
Augmented by Computer).
Figure 3: ‘NURBS’ (non-uniform, rational Bézier-splines) are mathematical
models commonly used in computer graphics for generating and representing
curves and surfaces
2.2.2 1960s
In 1960 William Fetter at Boeing coined the term ‘computer graphics’ for his
human factors cockpit drawings. The first interactive graphics system
(‘Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System’) was invented
by Ian Sutherland at MIT 1961-63 (Time-Life Books, 1986). Already in the early
1960s with computing and digital manufacturing in their infancy these
technologies were co-opted for creative purposes. The first two exhibitions of
computer art (at the Wise Gallery in New York and at Hochschule für Technik in
Stuttgart, Germany, both in 1965) were organised by scientists (Carlson,
undated). The following year Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.) was
founded by engineers Billy Klüver and Fred Waldhauer and artists Robert
Rauschenberg and Robert Whitman in New York (Klüver, 2000). The same
year the Center for Advanced Visual Studies was founded by Gyorgy Kepes at
MIT (Center for Advanced Visual Studies, 2007).
In 1968 Charles Csuri created the sculpture 'Ridges Over Time' on a three-axis,
continuous path, numerically controlled milling machine (ACM Siggraph, 1996).
The instructions for this were generated from punched tape. Also in 1968 came
one of the most referenced exhibitions in the history of art and computing.
‘Cybernetic Serendipity: The Computer and the Arts’ was curated by Jasia
Reichardt at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (Reichardt, 2005).
However, within the scope of this study another exhibition of that year should
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